A Turning Point in History
1. In 1750, most people worked the land using simple handmade tools.
2. Industrial-age travelers moved rapidly by train or steamship.
3. The Industrial Revolution began and by the 1850s many country villages had grown into industrial towns and cities.
A New Agricultural Revolution
1. The Dutch led the way in the new agricultural revolution.
2. Rich landowners pushed ahead with enclosure which is the process of taking over and fencing off land formerly shared by peasant farmers.
3. Millions Of acres were enclosed so farm output rose.
The Population Explosion
1. The agricultural revolution contributed to a rapid growth of population.
2. Britain�s population rose from about 5 million in 1700 to almost 9 million in 1800.
3. The population boom of the 1700s was due more to declining death rates than to rising birthrates.
An Energy Revolution
1. A third factor that helped trigger the Industrial Revolution was an �energy revolution.�
2. In the 1700s inventive minds found ways to use water power more efficiently. Water wheels powered machines in the first factories.
3. In 1712 Thomas Newcomen had developed a steam engine powered by coal to pump water out of mines.
Why Britain?
1. Britain had large supplies of coal to power steam engines which was unusual for it�s size.
2. A large number of workers were needed to mine the coal and iron, build the factories, and run the machines.
3. Britain had been a center of Scientific Revolution which focused attention on the physical world and developed new devices for managing it.
The Age of Iron and Coal
1. New technologies in the iron industry were key to the Industrial Revolution.
2. The Darby family of Coalbrookdale was leaders in developing Britain�s iron industry.
3. Darby�s experiments led him to produce better-quality and cheaper iron.
Revolutionary Changes in the Textile Industry
1. In the 1600s cotton cloth imported from India had become increasingly popular.
2. Among the inventions was John Kay�s flying shuttle.
3. The new machines doomed the old putting out system of manufacturing. Spinners and weavers came each day to work in the first factories, or places that brought together workers and machines to produce large quantities of goods.
Revolution in Transportation
1. Some capitalists invested in turnpikes which were privately built roads that charged a fee to travelers that used them.
2. The revolution in transportation resulted in the invention of the steam locomotive.
3. Other inventors applied steam power to improve shipping.
The New Industrial City
1. The Industrial Revolution brought rapid urbanization (movement of people to cities.)
2. Changes in farming, increased population growth, and an increasing demand for workers led people to migrate to cities.
3. The population of Manchester was 17,000 in the 1750s and by 1780 it increased to 40,000.
The Factory System
1. Factories were dangerous and many people lost their lives due to the machinery that had no safety devices.
2. Work hours were long and weary workers grew more vulnerable to the dangerous machinery.
3. since children worked on the farm parents accepted the idea of child labor.
Patience Kershaw�s Life Underground
1. Patience Kershaw was a young woman who had to work in the mines.
2. She revealed the brutal work she had to do to make a living.
3. In 1842 her testimony shocked people and Parliament slowly passed laws to regulate the employment of children in mines and factories.
The Working Class
1. As the Industrial Revolution began, weavers and other skilled artisans resisted the new �labor-saving� machines that were costing them their jobs.
2. In the mid 1700s John Wesley had been the leader of a religious revival and founded the Methodist Church.
3. Methodists helped channel workers� anger away from revolution and toward social reform.
The New Middle Class
1. The most benefited from the Industrial Revolution were the entrepreneurs who set it in motion.
2. Middle class women took up feminine activities such as drawing, embroidery, or playing the piano.
3. The new middle class valued hard work and the determination to �get ahead.�