a. how to describe temperature and heat flow in terms of the motion of molecules (or atoms)
b. chemical processes can either release (exothermic) or absorb (endothermic) thermal energy.
c. energy is released when a material condenses or freezes and absorbed when a material evaporates or melts.
d. how to solve problems involving heat flow and temperature changes, using known values of specific heat, and latent heat of phase change.
e.* how to apply Hess's Law to calculate enthalpy change in a reaction.
f.* how to use the Gibbs free energy equation to determine whether a reaction would be spontaneous.