Well, it seems our act for the talent show has been called off. So our New Kent friends probably won't miss anything. And so we're going back into our practice sessions to learn a few songs, and we've yet to decide what they are, so we'll keep you up to date on the lowdown, probably more often than is necessary.
So there aren't any pending shows. Now go back home.
September 14, 1849 - February 27, 1936 Place of birth: Ryazan (Russia) Education: Studied medicine at St. Petersburg (Russia) Affiliation: Institute of Experimental Medicine, St. Petersburg (Professor from 1890; Director from 1902); Military Medical Academy, St. Petersburg Worked on the physiology of circulation and digestion Definitive work: Lectures on Conditioned Reflexes (1926) Ivan Pavlov. Born in Russia, Pavlov was educated to enter priesthood but elected to be a scientist. After earlier studies in Russia, he went to Germany for graduate work. His numerous contributions are in 4 major fields, cardiac physiology, digestion, central nervous system and psychophysiology. In his investigations of digestive glands he was awarded the Nobel prize in 1904. He developed the famous "Pavlov pouch". Also, he began to study psychology and he applied his physiological studies to this field. His book on reflexes is monumental. He was recognized as a great scientist by Russia even though he disagreed with Communism. He will be remembered as one of the great physiologists of all time. Sigmund Freud Sigmund Freud was the father of psychology. Freud began his education in 1873 at the University of Vienna. He went to medical school and spent much time studying physiology and neurology. He became a brilliant researcher and began work in Paris with the French neurologist Jean Martin Charcot, an avid hypnotist, who influenced his ideas on the treatment of neurosis. In 1886 he married Martha Bernays, within nine years they had six children. In 1887 Freud met Wilhelm Fleiss, a doctor from Berlin. Their newfound friendship cultivated Freud's interest in psychology. Through this encouragement he founded psychoanalysis. For the next few years Freud worked on his bookThe Interpretation of Dreams which assigned dreams as attempts at wish fulfilments. Freud became more prestigious with his continual publications of papers and books such as Psychology of Everyday Life (1901). In 1902 he was appointed associate professor at the University of Vienna and he founded the Vienna Psychoanalytic Society. In "Three Essays on Sexuality" (1905) Freud unleashed one of the pillars of his theory on personality, sexual development. He continually published case studies backing up his various theories. In the early 1900's he expanded his publications to include papers on religion, literature, history and more. During this time psychoalaysis became increasingly popular and political struggles began. There were major divisions in the field while Freud and his followers tried to promote psychoanalysis outside of Vienna. As Freud was aging he was training Carl C. Jung as his successor. But as time went on Jung and Freud differed in ideals as Jung didn't buy into the prominence Freud assigned to the libido and in 1914 they terminated their correspondance. In that same year World War I broke out and brought the movement of psychoanalysis to a halt. Freud had a tough experience with the war, as all three of his sons fought in the army. This led to his death drive theory, introduced in Beyond the Pleasure Principle (1920). In 1923 he presented his world famous idea of the id, ego and super-ego and the unconsious, preconscious and subconscious. The psychoanalytic movement was flourishing and Freud was diagnosed with cancer. Through all his operations he continued writing and redeveloping his theories. In the 1930's the Nazi regime infiltrated Austria. In 1938 Freud left for Paris with the help of Princess Marie Bonaparte and Freud died on September 23, 1939. He worked up to his death and his contributions to the field of psychology will not be forgotten. William James Get info Jean Piaget Jean Piaget was born in Neuch�tel (Switzerland) on August 9, 1896. He died in Geneva on September 16, 1980. He was the oldest child of Arthur Piaget, professor of medieval literature at the University, and of Rebecca Jackson. At age 11, while he was a pupil at Neuch�tel Latin high school, he wrote a short notice on an albino sparrow. This short paper is generally considered as the start of a brilliant scientific career made of over sixty books and several hundred articles. His interest for mollusks was developed during his late adolescence to the point that he became a well-known malacologist by finishing school. He published many papers in the field that remained of interest for him all along his life. After high school graduation, he studied natural sciences at the University of Neuch�tel where he obtained a Ph.D. During this period, he published two philosophical essays which he considered as "adolescence work" but were important for the general orientation of his thinking. After a semester spent at the University of Z�rich where he developed an interest for psychoanalysis, he left Switzerland for France. He spent one year working at the Ecole de la rue de la Grange-aux-Belles a boys' institution created by Alfred Binet and then directed by De Simon who had developed with Binet a test for the measurement of intelligence. There, he standardized Burt's test of intelligence and did his first experimental studies of the growing mind. In 1921, he became director of studies at the J.-J. Rousseau Institute in Geneva at the request of Sir Ed. Clapar�de and P. Bovet. In 1923, he and Valentine Ch�tenay were married. The couple had three children, Jacqueline, Lucienne and Laurent whose intellectual development from infancy to language was studied by Piaget. Successively or simultaneously, Piaget occupied several chairs: psychology, sociology and history of science at Neuch�tel from 1925 to 1929; history of scientific thinking at Geneva from 1929 to 1939; the International Bureau of Education from 1929 to 1967; psychology and sociology at Lausanne from 1938 to 1951; sociology at Geneva from 1939 to 1952, then genetic and experimental psychology from 1940 to 1971. He was, reportedly, the only Swiss to be invited at the Sorbonne from 1952 to 1963. In 1955, he created and directed until his death the International Center for Genetic Epistemology. His researches in developmental psychology and genetic epistemology had one unique goal: how does knowledge grow? His answer is that the growth of knowledge is a progressive construction of logically embedded structures superseding one another by a process of inclusion of lower less powerful logical means into higher and more powerful ones up to adulthood. Therefore, children's logic and modes of thinking are initially entirely different from those of adults. Piaget's oeuvre is known all over the world and is still an inspiration in fields like psychology, sociology, education, epistemology, economics and law as witnessed in the annual catalogues of the Jean Piaget Archives. He was awarded numerous prizes and honorary degrees all over the world. Sir Francis Galton Scientist and explorer, born in Birmingham, West Midlands. He studied at Birmingham, London, and Cambridge, but left the study of medicine to travel in N and S Africa. He is best known for his studies of heredity and intelligence, such as Hereditary Genius (1869), which led to the field he called eugenics . Several of his ideas are referred to in the works of his cousin, Charles Darwin. Galton was knighted in 1909. It should be noted that "eugenics" literally means "good genes". The terms applies equally well to Plato's Republic as well as to Hitler's program of global extermination of all non-caucasian humans. In one of his later works, Twillight of the Idols, Friedrich Nietzsche railed against Aryianism (class consciousness and caste systems) and extolled the opposite principle - "miscegenation" or race-mixing - as the antidote to rabid nationalism. Return to the biography index. Back to my homepage, the school, the Journalism department, or the Underground student pipeline.