Chap. 2 HUMAN REPRODUCTION
p. 13
child has traits of both parents
which she received when her development began
p. 14
MALE
REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS
def: GENITALS – sex organs located
outside the body
1.
Penis
grows during puberty
size will vary but not important to reproduction
2.
Scrotum – pouch that contains the testes (testicles)
Foreskin
– thin loose, fold of skin that covers the glans at birth
Circumcision
– surgical removal of the foreskin from the penis
Males who are not circumcised
Should pull back the foreskin to
clean this area while bathing
Keeps bacteria from growing there & causing an infection
Sperm – male sex cell made inside the testicles
Sometimes testicles appear to change size
because of
the movement of a layer of muscles below the skin in the scrotum
1. exposed to cold air or water
muscles draw the testicles close to the body
2. warm environments
scrotum hangs loosely because warmth relaxes the muscles in the scrotum
temperature is VERY IMPORTANT for the development of sperm
p. 15
NORMAL FUNCTIONS OF THE MALE REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS
Def: ERECTION
Tip
of penis, glans, has many nerve endings and is very sensitive
when
stimulated
blood fills the spongy tissues of the penis causing it to
stiffen and extend away from the body
EJACUTLATION
release
of semen during an erection
NOCTURNAL EJACULATION also known as a WET DREAM
release
of semen from the penis during sleep
these
are not controllable
some males may have wet dreams
and others may never have them
both
of these are normal experiences
Males
need to PROTECT their reproductive
organs from injury during vigorous activity
Should wear protective cups or
straps during contact sports
Football
Baseball
Basketball
Hockey
Soccer
Lacrosse
MALE SEX CELLS
Sperm production begins at puberty and goes on throughout a male’s lifetime
Average male produces 300 million sperm each day
p. 16 & 17
PATH
OF THE SPERM (will have QUIZ on this
material)
TESTICLE – contain many coiled tubes
takes about 60 days for sperm to form
EPIDIDYMIS – maturing area
stay from 28 hours to 10 days
develop the ability to swim
can now fertilize an egg
VAS DEFERENS – stored for a few hours to several months
SEMINAL VESICLE
PROSTATE GLAND - both add fluids
For nutrition (fructose
& prostaglandin)
and protection
these fluids + sperm = now called SEMEN
URETHRA – passage way out of the body
Both
urine and semen cannot leave the body at the same time
A muscle
closes the connection between the urethra and bladder
when
semen enters the urethra
Sperm are nature’s
smallest living cells
once released inside the female reproductive system
a sperm
is able to move its tail
motion
of the tail allows sperm to swim toward a mature egg
KNOW
DIAGRAM ON p. 17 for QUIZ
but lines will not be in the same order that you see
in the book
p. 18 FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS
def: PELVIC GIRDLE – a ring of bone that protects the female
reproductive organs located inside the body
LABIA - folds of skin covering the outer opening of the vagina
CLITORIS – organ at the top of the vulva w/many nerve endings and
blood
vessels (sensitive like the penis of the male)
female
has two other body openings near the genitals but not part of the reproductive
system
urethra – passage way out of the
body for liquid waste (urine)
anus – passage way out of the body
for solid waste (stool)
FUNCTIONS OF THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS
beginning at Puberty
the ovaries produce female hormones
ESTROGEN
1. development of female traits
2. ovulation
PROGESTERONE
1. prepares the uterus lining for possible pregnancy
2.
causes the female glands (already
stimulated by estrogen)
to start secreting nutritional substances necessary for the
nourishment of the fertilized egg in its early stages of growth
3. supplying milk for a newborn baby
4.
stops the uterus from contracting (menstrual
cycle)
KNOW
DIAGRAM ON p. 18 for QUIZ
but lines will not be in the same order that you see
in the book
p. 19
def: FALLOPIAN TUBES
(named after Fallopius who discovered the tubes - so always needs to be capitalized)
UTERUS – female sex organ in which a baby develops
pear
shaped organ about the size of the female fist
about
3 ins. long
this
organ will stretch to hold a full term baby
weighing
about 6 – 10 pounds
and
anywhere from 15 - 20 ins. in length
then
by six weeks after the baby is born will return to
original
size
CERVIX - the lower end of the uterus that opens to the vagina
This
is what dilates (opens) to allow passage of the baby into the
birth
canal during labor (birth).
VAGINA – sex organ through which a baby passes during birth
and
thus referred to as the Birth Canal
HYMEN – a ring of tissue inside the opening of the vagina
Partially
covers the vagina passageway
–
a discharge usually occurs when it is broken
very
common for a girl to stretch or break her hymen during
vigorous
activates such as exercise
` or it will be broken during her
first sexual intercourse
p. 20 FEMALE SEX CELLS
birth – a female baby is born w/ thousands of immature sex cells called EGGS
def: FOLLICLE – a case of tissue enclosing an immature egg
childhood the eggs remain immature
about
a year after the female has her first menstrual period (menarche) hormones signal the eggs in the ovaries to begin
to mature
every
month – in either the left or right ovary
an
egg and its follicle begin to mature
when
the egg is mature – the follicle breaks open
the
egg leaves the follicle and moves away from the ovary
this called (def.) OVULATION – eggs leaving of the ovary
ORDER THAT an Unfertilized EGG travels through the FEMALE SYSTEM
1. ovary - follicle releases an egg
2. Fallopian tube - cilia (tiny hair like
structures) move the egg through the tube
this
usually takes about one day to move through the tube
3. uterus - egg will break down causing menstruation to
occur in about 14 days
4. cervix
5. vagina
def. FERTILIZATION – joining of a sperm and an egg
and usually takes place in the Fallopian tube
if no sperm are present in the Fallopian tube then
fertilization cannot take place
all eggs that enter the Fallopian tube are not
after fertilization does
take place
the developing zygote travels to the lining of the uterus
where it attaches
and continues to develop
then menstruation does not take place until about 6 weeks
after the baby is born
p. 21
Ovulation – Menstruation Cycle
(O-M Cycle)
each month a hormones is sent to the uterus
to make
changes in the uterus lining for possible pregnancy
glands
and blood vessels grow in the lining in preparation for a fertilized egg
this lining is necessary to nourish
the developing baby
“If the egg is not fertilized during the previous month
the special lining is not needed
blood and tissue pass out of the body through the vagina
the flow is called(def.) MENSTRUATION
the (def.) MENSTRUAL PERIOD is the time when menstruation is taking place
about 2 ounces of blood & tissue are lost
this is a sign of HEALTH
this is a NORMAL PROCESS
PRODUCTS
Sanitary pads – worn outside of the body attached to
the females
underwear
to catch the flow of blood
Tampons – worn internally in the
vagina to catch the flow of blood
Both should be changed every few hours and disposed of properly!
def. O-M Cycle - time span between the beginning of one menstrual period and the
beginning of the next
there are about 26 to 32 days in a regular cycle
but this can vary between females and even vary for the same female
at different times during the year
p. 22
FERTILIZATION
“When the husband is sexually excited, he has an
erection. When the wife is sexually
excited, the muscles of her vagina relax.
Her vagina and labia become moist with a clear fluid. When both partners are ready, sexual
intercourse might take place. To have sexual intercourse, the husband
inserts his erect penis into the wife’s vagina. The liquid of the vagina makes it easy for
the penis to enter. During intercourse
ejaculation usually occurs.”
millions of sperm pass into the vagina during ejaculation
FERTILIZATION
a. Egg is released fro follicle and swept into Fallopian tube
b. Ejaculated sperm move up from vagina into Fallopian tube
c. Sperm can live for about 3 days. They move toward egg
d. ONE sperm joins the egg
when an egg is fertilized – pregnancy begins for the
woman
NOTE: this does not happen every time the couple
has intercourse
An egg is released about once every month
If
the egg is not fertilized in the Fallopian tube then the egg will start to
break down and menstruation follows in about 14 days
then the unfertilized egg leaves the
body at this time
SIGNS OF PREGNANCY
First month
Unprotected intercourse
Missed menstrual period or slight spotty discharge
Dark area around nipple gets darker or changes color
Morning sickness (NOT always)
Fatigue
Second month
Second missed menstrual period
Frequent urination
Retention of fluid and swelling
Weight gain
Third month
Third missed menstrual period
Enlargement of abdomen
Abdominal stretch marks
p. 23 The Developing Baby
as soon as fertilized
it begins to change and grow
cluster of dividing cells reaches the uterus in about 3 days
attaches itself to the lining of the uterus
at the attachment the PLACENTA forms
def. PLACENTA – blood rich organ made from tissues lining the uterus
organ through which materials are exchanged between the mother
and the developing baby
Baby is connected to the placenta by the UMBILICAL CORD
Nutrients, Oxygen, pathogens and drugs pass from the mother’s blood to the placenta
Then move through the umbilical cord and enter into the baby’s blood
Wastes reverse this process
THE BLOOD OF THE MOTHER AND THE BLOOD OF THE BABY
DO NOT MIX!!!!!!!!!!!
def. PRENATAL CARE – care that a woman and her developing baby get during
pregnancy
prenatal means “before birth”