Mr. Haskell
World History
14 November 2004
Renaissance, Reformation, and Enlightenment
Please write two meaningful sentences that are related to each of the following terms. One can be a definition and the other an example or two of the terms relevance from the text. This discipline insures that you have improved comprehension and command of the material. (Remember to double space between terms for easier viewing).
Ch 14
annul � The term annul means to cancel something. Henry VIII asked the pope to annul his marriage to Catherine because Church law did not permit divorce but the Pope refused Henry�s request.
gravity- The single force that keeps the planets in their orbit. Isaac Newton used mathematics to perfect his theory and ended up naming the force gravity.
Patron- A patron is a financial supporter. Lorenzo Medici was a generous patron of the arts during the Renaissance.
Perspective- Perspective means making distant objects smaller than those close to the viewer. Artists that learned the rules of perspective were able to paint scenes that were three dimensional.
theocracy- The term theocracy means a government run by church leaders. John Calvin set up a theocracy in Geneva, Switzerland in 1541 after being asked by protestants in the city- states.
John Calvin- John Calvin believed that salvation was gained through faith alone and he regarded the Bible as the only source of religious truth. John Calvin taught that God was all powerful and humans were by nature sinful. God alone decided whether an individual achieved eternal life.
Henry VIII- Went against the church after the Pope would not annul his marriage with Catherine of Aragon because the Church does not permit divorce. Furious by the decision Henry had a series of laws passed one of which took the Pope�s control of the Church of England and changed it to the power of Henry.
Leonardo da Vinci- Leonardo da Vinci�s most popular painting is the Mona Lisa which is a portrait of a woman in which her smile has baffled viewers for centuries. Da Vinci dissected corpses to learn how bones and muscles work.
Lorenzo de' Medici- He was a clever politician who grandfather was Cosimo and Lorenzo held Florence together during difficult times. Lorenzo was a generous patron of the arts.
Niccolo Machiavelli- He wrote The Prince where he combined his personal experiences of politics with his knowledge of the past to offer a guide to rulers on how to gain and maintain power. Machiavelli saw himself as an enemy of oppression and corruption and critics thought that he was inspired by the devil.
Heliocentric- The term heliocentric means sun-centered. Copernicus proposed a heliocentric model of the universe in which he said that sun stood at the center of the universe and that the Earth was just one of several planets that revolved around the sun.
Humanism- Focused on worldly subjects rather than on the religious issues that had occupied medieval thinkers. Humanists believed that education should stimulate the individual�s creative powers.
indulgence- Was a pardon for sins committed during a person�s lifetime. The Church received financial support to finance different projects by selling indulgences.
predestination- Is the idea that God had long ago determined who would gain salvation. Calvinists believed that the world was divided into two kinds of people, the saints and sinners.
recant- The term recant means to give up something. The church tried to persuade Luther to recant his views after Luther made the 95 Theses but Martin Luther refused and ended up starting Lutheranism.
Copenicus- Nicolaus Copernicus proposed a heliocentric model of the universe in On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres. He also said that the sun stood at the center of the universe and that the Earth was just one of several planets that revolved around the sun.
Durer- Helped spread Italian Renaissance ideas in his homeland after he traveled to Italy where he returned with many different methods. He is often called the �German Leonardo� by many because of his wide- ranging interests that extended far beyond art.
Luther- Martin Luther created the 95 Theses which was a list of arguments against indulgences that Johann Tetzel had been selling. Luther declared that the bible was the only source religious truth, he denied Church councils or pope and he rejected the ideas that priests and the Church hierarchy had special powers.
Newton- Showed that there is a single force that keeps planets in their orbits around the sun in which he called it gravity. In Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy Newton stated that all motion in the universe can be measured and described mathematically.
Petrarch- In monasteries and churches he hunted down and assembled a library of Greek an Roman manuscripts. His Sonnets to Laura written in the vernacular and inspired by a woman he knew only form a distance influenced other writers of his time.
Renaissance focus- The way that people looked at themselves and the world was the biggest change and the focus that happened during the renaissance. Another focus was to become more creative and change many areas that were lacking from previous times.
printing of reformation- The European age of printing began in 1456. Johann Gutenberg a German printed a complete edition of the Bible using metal type called the printing press.
results of Reformation- The result of reformation started the fall of the Roman Catholic Church. Another result was Lutherism and Calvinism and many other sects forming around the world.
causes of Renaissance- When the feudal systems that everyone was used started to be broken down the renaissance was started. People started focusing on science and arts and many other things because they realized that there was a different type of lifestyle and government out there just waiting to be obtained.
Ch18
Hobbes- Argued that people were naturally cruel, greedy, and selfish and if not strictly controlled they would fight, rob and oppose one another. He said to escape brutish life people entered a social contract.
Locke- He said that people were basically reasonable and moral and said that people had natural rights. The best kind of government in his eyes was one that had limited power and was accepted by all citizens which meant that he rejected an absolute monarchy.
Joseph II- traveling around in disguise among his subjects to learn of their problems won him the nickname �peasant emperor�. He granted toleration to Protestants and Jews in his Catholic empire despite opposition and ended censorship.
constitional govt.- A government whose power is defined and limited by law. The appearance of these institutions was part of the evolution of England�s constitutional government.
enlightened despot- Enlightened despots were absolute rulers who sued their power to bring about political and social change. The monarchs that accepted the enlightenment ideas became enlightened despots.
natural laws- Natural laws are laws that govern nature. People started questioning why not apply natural laws to change human society?
natural rights- Natural rights are rights that belong to all humans. The rights include the right to life, liberty and property.
Physiocrat- Physiocrats focused on economic reforms. Physiocrats rejected mercantilism, which required government regulation to achieve a favorable balance of trade.
Bach- Johann Sebastian Bach wrote complex and beautiful religious works for organ and choirs. Sebastian Bach was a devout German Lutheran who was a towering musical figure of the period.
Diderot- Labored 25 years to produce a 28-volume encyclopedia in which his purpose was to change the general way of thinking. The encyclopedia included articles by leading thinkers of the day including Montesquieu and Voltaire.
Tom Paine- Wrote a pamphlet named Common Sense and the pamphlet called on the English Colonists to declare independence from Britain. In Common Sense Paine rejected ancient prejudice and tyranny, while appealing to reason, natural laws, and promise of freedom.
Rousseau- Believed that people were basically good and that the natural innocence was corrupted by the evils of society especially the unequal distribution of property. Rousseau influenced political and social thinkers for more than 200 years.
Robert Walpole- Molded the cabinet into a unified body, requiring all members to agree on major issues. Walpole is considered Britain�s first prime minister even though the title was not yet sued.
Baroque- Baroque paintings were huge, colorful, and full of excitement. Baroque paintings glorified historic battles or the lives of saints.
free market- The free market is the natural forces of supply and demand. Adam Smith argued that the free market should be allowed to operate and regulate businesses.
laissez faire- It allows business to operate with little or no government influence. Physiocrats claimed that the real wealth came from making the land more productive such as agriculture, mining and logging.
Salon- Salons were informal social gatherings at which writers, artists, philosophers and others exchanged ideas. Salons originate in the 1600s when a group of noble women in Paris began inviting a few friends to their homes for poetry readings.
social contract- Is an agreement by which they gave up the state of nature for an organized society. Hobbes thought for people to escape brutish life they had to enter a social contract.