Mr. Haskell
World History
24 September 2004
Greece/ Rome Study Guide
Ch. 5 & 6
Mr. Haskell- World History
Please write two meaningful sentences that are related to each of the following terms. One can be a definition and the other an example or two of the terms relevance from the text. This discipline insures that you have improved comprehension and command of the material. (Remember to double space between terms for easier viewing).
CH. 5
*Minoan civilization and the importance of its location- The British archaeologist who discovered this area called the people Minoans after one of their kings, Minos. The location was ideal because there was the Mediterranean Sea and the Nile Valley around them.
*Explain how Sparta's location was important.- Sparta is in the Southern (Peloponnesian) part of Greece. Sparta was located inland, so it could not be attacked by the sea which was Athens strength, and to attack Athens Sparta had only to march north.
*Trojan War- location- The location of the actual battle was in Troy. Even though the book says that they fought for many years the biggest battle took place in Troy. The battle was over Helen, who was a beautiful wife of a Greek king, being kidnapped by Trojan prince Paris. For 10 years the Greeks and Trojans fought and finally the Greeks devised a plan to get inside the Trojan�s walls using a horse proclaimed the �Trojan Horse� and in result Greek soldiers ended up burning the city of Troy down.
*geography of Greece created? - Greece is located right next to the Mediterranean and Aegean Sea. This location provided a link to the outside world which created major trade production and sea ports that were built for the trading posts.
* Post Persian wars domination- After the war, Persia was dominated by Alexander the Great son of King Henry II. He later made Persia part of his huge empire and then went on campaigns dominating lands and never losing a battle.
*Peloponnesian War- Pericles and the Athenians were hit with a plague that demolished 1/3 of their population and never fully recovered after that. The war ended in 404 B.C. when Sparta captured Athens with the help of the Persian Navy this led to corruption and government issues in Athens.
*Greek theater origins- Greeks, at first, designed their plays from ancient stories and had the actors dress in full costume. Greeks mostly wrote about comedy, tragedy and other ancient myths and legends. Playwrights often discussed moral and social issues or explored the relationship between people and gods. Famous playwrights were Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides (tragedies). Aristophanes� comedies are almost all the surviving Greek comedies that we know of today.
*Alexander's achievements and empire- Alexander the Great had a huge empire that included Persia, Asia Minor, Egypt and India. He never lost a battle during his campaign of conquest. After his death city-states were being named after Alexander because during his campaign he would discover undiscovered cities. He also adopted Persian ideas and customs and was a vital person in the start of the Hellenistic civilization.
*center of Hellenistic world- Alexandria, in Egypt, was the center of the Hellenistic World. It was home to the Greeks, Egyptians, Persians and the Hebrews and had a lighthouse that was one of the Seven Wonders of the World. Because Alexandria was the center of the Hellenistic world the markets flourished because of the wide variety of things that they offered. From Greek marble to Arabian Spices to east African ivory.
*geographic characteristics of Greece- Greece is a part of the Balkan Peninsula and had tons of valleys and mountains. There are loads of small islands that were made into cities of Greece. There are hundreds of bays in Greece that provided safe harbors for ships. Because of the geography Greeks became skilled sailors and sailors carried cargoes of olive oil, wines, marble and traded with Egyptians, people form the Asia Minor and the Middle East. They returned with grains, metals and ideas that installed into their culture.
*oligarchy- An oligarchy is a system of government that the upper class controls power usually in the form of small powerful elite people. Usually, this type of government is found in a wealthy trade city with a large business class.
*democracy- Democracy is a system of government in which the people hold the power. Athens slowly converted to a democracy after people were demanding for changes.
*Spartan childhoods- Boys, at the age of seven began their training for the military and moved away form their mother and into barracks. The boys also had to diet, exercise, be extremely discipline and were encouraged to steal food but if caught would be seriously punished. The girls were expected to bring up healthy children which meant exercising and training their bodies and hold the house up when their husband and children were at war.
*Athens' golden age- In the golden age Athens had a government on the rise and the people had barely any conflicts with a government that was working. The teachings of Aristotle were happening and the country was at the top of its military growth.
*Aristotle's meritocracy- Aristotle was a man who made ideas about the government, after analyzing different governments; he ended up favoring rule by one single strong and virtuous leader. He put a school together named the Lyceum for people to learn about all subjects, and Aristotle was also a student of Plato.
*Greek values- The Greeks were into a dominant male society, there were only males in the government and its organizations. They used slaves to do their work and gave the women absolutely no rights, they expected their women to give birth, take care of the children and keep the house in working order.
CH 6
*Augustus- Augustus or exalted one was declared by the senate as the first citizen by the empire. He didn�t call himself king because of the Romans hate of the word king but eh exercised absolute power. He ruled from 31 B.C. to A.D. 14 which ended the 500 eyar old republic and started the Roman Empire.
*Julius Caesar- Caesar fought many battles and was feared throughout the Roman Empire. In 48 B.C. he created programs to employ the people who didn�t have a job and he also gave people who had no land, land. Introduction of new calendar based on Egyptian knowledge named the Julian calendar was Caesars greatest reform.
*Hannibal- Hannibal was the leader of the Carthaginian army which conquered Spain, France, the Alps and into some of India. He died of drinking poison rather than surrendering to his hated enemy and was never forgotten by the Romans for the damage he had caused.
*Jesus- Jesus was born in 4 B.C. in Bethlehem and later in his life he preached to villagers with his message. His teachings were from the Jewish tradition and he claimed that he was peoples key to salvation and eternal life, as long as they followed him.
*Paul- Paul was an apostle that spread Jesus� word and teachings. He made churches from Mesopotamia to Rome for the people to come to worship Jesus.
*Odoacer- A German military leader who caused the �fall� of Rome with critics saying that before Rome had already lost many of its territories and Roman power in the west had ended. In 476 he defeated Rome and form then on Rome went downhill.
*Ptolemy- Ptolemy was an astronomer and a mathematician who proposed a theory in Alexandria that the Earth was the center of the universe. His idea was accepted for almost 1500 years in the western world.
*Virgil- Virgil was a poem writer who mainly wrote about the history of Rome and how heroic it was. He wrote the Aeneid which was about patriotism and the unity of Roman cities; he linked his epic with homer�s work.
*martyr- Martyrs are people who suffer or die for their beliefs. One of the most famous martyrs was Paul the Apostle of Jesus.
*mercenary- Mercenaries were foreign soldiers serving for money. Most of the mercenaries were German and who wanted to destroy Rome.
*messiah- The messiah was the savior sent by God. The messiah was to lead the Jewish people to their freedom.
*patrician- Patricians were members of the land holding upper class. The people of the senate were always patricians.
*plebian- Plebeians are farmers, merchants, artisans and traders who made of most of the population. They also tried to get their selves into the government system and turn the Roman Empire into a republic.
*aqueduct- Aqueducts are bridge like stones that brought water from the hills into the Roman cities. The fresh water supply was important to them because they had to fill the baths and the plumbing in the houses.
*heresy- Heresies were the beliefs that were against the church. The churches would send out people to try to convert people to Christianity while battling the Heresies.
*legion- A legion is a group of citizens who are soldiers that fight without any pay. There were about 5000 men in each legion and Greece also used legions.
*republic- Republic is a type of government where the people choose the officials. The Romans thought that this type of government would keep any individual from gaining too much power.
*sect- A sect is a small group within a larger group. When Christianity had first started it was a sect within Judaism.