Roberts, Joey
Mr. Haskell
World History Ecore
5 June 2004
Final Exam Study Guide
Chapter 27
Militarism: glorification of the ideals of a professional military class. Under militarism, the armed forces and readiness for war came to dominate national policy
Ultimatum: statement, especially in diplomatic negotiations, that expresses or implies the threat of serious penalties if the terms are not accepted. The ultimatum said that in order to end war, Serbia must end all anti-Austrian agitation and punish any Serbian official involved in the murder plot.
Mobilize: to assemble, prepare, or put into operation for or as if for war: organize the troops. Russia mobilized its troop in order to deploy them at a moments notice.
Neutrality: the state or policy of being neutral, especially nonparticipation in war. For a short time Italy was neutral, but mainly the US neutrality was a major issue of World War I.
Total war: the channeling of a nation�s entire resources into a war effort. This is what all nations in WWI did when they realized the war was inevitable.
Propaganda: systematic propagation of a doctrine or cause or of information reflecting the views and interests of those advocating such a doctrine or cause. Propaganda was often used by one nation to persuade a nation to support it.
Atrocity: An atrocity is an act against an innocent people. Germany often made atrocious attacks on the French and British.
Armistice: temporary cessation of fighting by mutual consent; a truce. Armistice was sought out by the German government when they realized that victory could not be attained.
Reparations: compensation or remuneration required from a defeated nation as indemnity for damage or injury during a war. The Allies blamed their economic suffering on the Germans, and thus demanded reparations.
Mandate: Definition: assign (a colony or territory) to a specified nation under a mandate. Britain and France gained mandates over German colonies in Africa and Ottoman lands in the Middle East.
Edith Cavell: Cavell was a British nurse born in Swardeston, England. She ran a Red Cross hospital in Belgium even after the German invasion.
Georges Clemenceau: Georges was a French politician who served as premier. He played a key role in negotiating the Treaty of Versailles in 1919.
Alfred Nobel: Noble was a Swedish chemist and engineer who invented dynamite, which was much safer than other explosives at the time. He used his fortune to institute the Nobel Prizes.
Gavrillo Princip: Princip assassinated Francis Ferdinand and his wife. Gavrillo belonged to a terrorist group devoted to Serbian nationalism, wanting to unite all Southern Slavs in a single state dominated by Serbia.
Sarajevo: Sarajevo was the capital of Bosnia and Herzegovina where Ferdinand was assassinated. Ferdinand had traveled to Sarajevo to direct the maneuvers of the two army corps stationed there.
Woodrow Wilson: Wilson was the 28th President of the United States whose administration was marked by World War I and the introduction of prohibition. At the Paris Peace Conference he included the establishment of the League of Nations as a proviso of the Treaty of Versailles. He won the 1919 Nobel Peace Prize; he was unable to convince the U.S. Senate to ratify the treaty.
Wilson's Fourteen Points: The fourteen points for peace were as follows: (1) abolition of secret diplomacy by open covenants, openly arrived at; (2) freedom of the seas in peace and war, except as the seas may be closed in whole or part by international action for enforcement of international covenants; (3) removal of international trade barriers wherever possible and establishment of an equality of trade conditions among the nations consenting to the peace; (4) reduction of armaments consistent with public safety; (5) adjustment of colonial disputes consistent with the interests of both the controlling government and the colonial population; (6) evacuation of Russian territory, with the proviso of self-determination; (7) evacuation and restoration of Belgium; (8) evacuation and restoration of French territory, including Alsace-Lorraine; (9) readjustment of Italian frontiers along clearly recognizable lines of nationality; (10) autonomy for the peoples of Austria-Hungary; (11) evacuation and restoration of territory to Serbia, Montenegro, and Romania, granting of seaports to Serbia, and readjustment and international guarantee of the national ambitions of the Balkan nations; (12) self-determination for non-Turkish peoples under Turkish control and internationalization of the Dardanelles; (13) an independent Poland, with access to the sea; and (14) creation of a general association of nations under specific covenants to give mutual guarantees of political independence and territorial integrity.
Francis Ferdinand: Ferdinand was the archduke of Austria. His assassination somewhat sparked the beginning of World War I.
Kaiser William II: William II was the emperor of Germany and King of Prussia. His policies contributed to the bringing about of World War I.
Bertha Von Sutner: Von Sutner was an Austrian writer and peace activist. She won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1905.
Triple Alliance: The Triple Alliance concluded May 20, 1882. It united Italy, Austria-Hungary, and Germany but was not regarded as being directed against England.
Ottoman Empire: Until World War I, the Ottoman Empire was flourishing. Afterwards, the empire fell and its territory was carved into provinces of other nations that eventually became self governing.
Trench warfare: Warfare conducted using a form of field fortification consisting of parallel rows of trenches. Trench warfare was used extensively in World War I.
Machine gun (role it played in WWI): Machine guns were not the main weapons of British soldiers. They needed between 4-6 men to man them in 1914 and had to be positioned on a flat surface. The new machine guns could fire up to 400 rounds per minute and they had the fire power of almost 100 guns.
Airplane (role it played in WWI): Just a few years after the first flight, airplanes were used for war purposes. Planes were used as bombers, in which the pilot actually dropped the bomb or used a crude lever system as well as shooting down other nations pilots.
Role of women in WWI: Before WWI, women stayed at home to cook and care for children. During they war however they were sent to work as part of the daily workforce, sometimes doing industrial work that supported the war effort.
Nationalism (i.e. tension between France and Germany): Both France and Germany had extreme senses of nationalism so they were always butting heads. When Ferdinand was assassinated it enraged the French and further sparked the scuffle to the point of war.
Paris Peace Conference: The Paris Peace Conference was very important in World War I. It was here that the Treaty of Versailles was singed, ending World War I between Germany and the Allies.
American neutrality: For three years, as Europeans faced war on an unprecedented scale, the neutrality of the United States gradually slipped away. On May 7, 1915, a German submarine attacked a British passenger liner, the Lusitania, killing more than a thousand people including 128 Americans, the war was on.
Black Hand: Black Hand was a terrorist group organized by Bosnia Serbs. Principe joined this group before the assassination of Francis Ferdinand. This group, who was also involved in organizing all South Slav people into a single nation, was also known as Unity or Death.
Treaty of Versailles: The Treaty of Versailles was singed at the Paris Peace Conference. It ended the fighting between Germany and the Allies.
Self determination: Self-determination is the right of a people to determine their own form of government. The Allies used this principle to add to their existing overseas empires by creating a system of mandates.
Shleiffen Plan: The Shleiffen Plan was developed by General Alfred von Shleiffen, and allowed Germany to avoid two-front war. He realized that Germany�s military would be slow to mobilize. Under his plan, Germany had to first defeat France quickly.
U boat: German U boats were submarines used to launch torpedoes at enemy ships. U boats led many attacks on innocent merchant ships, which was one major reason the US joined the war.
Lusitania: Almost 1,200 people, including 128 Americans, were killed on the British liner the Lusitania. The Germans, after torpedoing the ship, justified the attack by arguing that it was carrying weapons, this urged the US into war.
Armistice: An armistice is an agreement that ends fighting. On November 11, 1918, Germany sought an armistice with the Allies, which eventually ended the war.
Mandate: Mandates are territories that were administered by western powers. The German colonies in Africa and Ottoman lands in the Middle East were gained by Britain and France after the war.
War reparations: Reparations are payments for war damage. The Allies tried to blame the conflict on their defeated enemies and insisted that they make war reparations and pay in full for the damages caused during the war.
Western front: On the western front, both sides burrowed in a vast system of trenches. No man�s land was the area in between trenches. With the new developments, such as machine guns, not very many men made it past this area.
Eastern front: On the eastern front, battle lines swayed back and forth, usually over large areas. However, there were fewer casualties than on the more brutal Western front.
Verdun: The Battle of Verdun was one of the bloodiest battles of the war. Over 2 million people fought in the town of Verdun on February 21, 1916.
Battle of Marne: In the first battle at Marne on September 6, 1914, advances made by the Germans to Paris were stopped by the Allies, and the Germans retreated and abandoned the Shleiffen plan. On the second battle in July of 1918, the German army took a major blow before they were destroyed by the Allies.
Chapter 28
Soviet: councils or workers and soldiers. In Petrograd and other Russian cities in March 1917 soviets were set up.
Command Economy: government officials made all basic economic decisions. The Soviet Union under Stalin�s Five Year Plan developed a command economy bring all economic activity under government control.
Collective: large farm owned and operated by peasants as a group. On collectives peasants were allowed to keep their houses and personal belongings but all animals and implements were to be turned over to the collective.
Kulak: wealthy peasant. Stalin sough to destroy the Kulaks because they rebelled by destroying farms and thus hurting the economy, these kulaks were sent to labor camps where thousands died or were killed.
Totalitarian State: form of government in which a one party dictatorship attempts to regulate every aspect of the lives of its citizens. Stalin turned the Soviet Union into this using secret police and other types of enforcement to control the people.
Socialist Realism: form or artwork or writing that was used to boost socialism by showing Soviet life in a positive light. Stalin forced artists and writers under his rule to portray hope in the socialist future.
Lenin: Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov aka Lenin was born in 1870 to a middle class family. When he came back from exile in Switzerland through Germany Lenin quickly rose to power with the Bolsheviks at his side.
Osip Mandelstam: Mandelstam was a Jewish poet who wrote a satirical poem verse about Stalin. He was imprisoned, tortured, and exiled for this under the censorship laws, and fearing for his wife he wrote an �Ode to Stalin�.
Nicholas II: After the revolution of 1905 Nicholas had failed to solve Russia�s basic problems. Discontent finally sparked revolutions and in March of 1917 the first of two revolutions would topple the Romanov dynasty.
Gregory Rasputin: Rasputin was an illiterate Siberian peasant who was not an actual monk and was in fact worldly. No one believed his powers more than Alexandra the czarina, members of the Duma saw this and a group of 5 plotted to kill him. He died not of poison or gunshots, but drowning in a river.
Joseph Stalin: Lenin�s sudden death in 1924 set off a power struggle among the top Soviet Communist leaders. Born to a poor Georgian family, he grew involved in the revolution and joined the Bolshevik underground only to rise to power as a behind the scenes man.
Stalin�s 5 Year Plan: Stalin�s five year plan was proposed in 1928. Its purpose was to build heavy industry, improve transportation, and increase farm output to protect against past defeats Stalin said came as a result of economic backwardness.
Socialist Realism: The goal of socialist realism was to boost socialism by showing Soviet life in a positive outlook. The artists overall message had to promote hope, using themes like workers, but most of all Stalin.
Totalitarian State: form of government in which a one party dictatorship attempts to regulate every aspect of the lives of its citizens. Stalin turned the Soviet Union into this form of government to control every aspect of the country.
Anna Akhmatova: Anna was one of Russia�s great poets who fell out of favor because her poetry did not reflect communist ideas. She wrote �Requiem� in which she described trying to visit her 20 year old imprisoned son.
V.I. Lenin: Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov aka Lenin was born in 1870 to a middle class family. When he came back from exile in Switzerland through Germany Lenin quickly rose to power with the Bolsheviks at his side.
Mikhail Sholokhov: Russian writer who described the civil war in his book And Quiet Flows the Don. He won the 1965 Nobel Prize for literature.
Joseph Stalin: Lenin�s sudden death in 1924 set off a power struggle among the top Soviet Communist leaders. Born to a poor Georgian family, he grew involved in the revolution and joined the Bolshevik underground only to rise to power as a behind the scenes man.
Leon Trotsky: Trotsky was a Russian Revolution leader who was a leader of the Bolshevik Revolution. He was later expelled from the Communist Party and banished for his opposition to the authoritarianism of Stalin and his emphasis on world revolution in his writings. Trotsky was murdered at the hands of Stalin while in exile in Mexico.
Socialist Revolution: Socialist revolutionaries set up soviets. At first the soviets worked democratically within the government, but before long, the Bolsheviks took charge led by Lenin.
Bolshevik Revolution: The Bolsheviks were an elite group to lead the revolution and set up a dictatorship of the proletariat. Though this group was made up of a small majority of the socialists, Lenin, the leader, gave them the name Bolsheviks which means majority.
Lenin�s New Economic Policy: Under Lenin�s economic policy every aspect of the economy would be controlled by the government. This total control of the economy was called a totalitarian state in which quotas were expected to be met on penalty of punishment.
Stalin: Stalin means man of steel. He was just that, with a cold, unbreakable heart when it came to politics.
Stalin�s 5 Year Plan: Stalin�s five year plan was proposed in 1928. Its purpose was to build heavy industry, improve transportation, and increase farm output to protect against past defeats Stalin said came as a result of economic backwardness.
The Arts under Stalin: The arts were strictly controlled during Stalin�s rule. Stalin thought that art, poetry etc should reflect Soviet life in a positive manner and if it didn�t there was a heavy penalty.
List three causes of the 1917 revolution in Russia: One cause of the 1917 Russian Revolution was disasters on the battlefield from WWI. Another cause was food shortages due in part to WWI. Finally, fuel shortages on the home front all led to the downfall of the monarchy.
Chapter 29
Apartheid: Apartheid is an official policy of racial segregation formerly practiced in the Republic of South Africa. It involved in political, legal, and economic discrimination against nonwhites.
Civil disobedience: Civil disobedience is a refusal to obey civil laws in an effort to induce change in governmental policy or legislation. It is characterized by the use of passive resistance or other nonviolent means.
Diego Rivera: Rivera is a Mexican painter noted for his murals that exalt workers in a style derived from Mexican folk art. He lived from 1886-1957.
Hirohito: Hirohito was the emperor of Japan who advocated the Japanese government's unconditional surrender that ended World War II. In 1946 he renounced his divine status.
Jiang Jieshi: Jieshi was an army officer who took over the Guomindang and led them in the Long March to reunite China. He crushed local warlords and wanted to capture Beijing for his party.
Muhammad Ali Jinrah: Jinrah was the leader of the Muslim League who came from a middle-class background. He wanted a separate state for Muslims and believed Pakistan was the �land of pure� meant for Muslims from India.
Nationalization: Nationalization is government takeover of natural resources. This permitted the breakup of large estates and placed restrictions of landowners.
Pancho Villa: Villa was a radical leader who was a hard riding rebel from the north during the Mexican revolution. He won loyalty from his peasant followers but in the process killed millions of them.
Cause of the 1910 Mexico Revolution: The dictator Porfirio Diaz had ruled and gave Mexico economic growth such as railroads and foreigner investors. Peasants lived in poverty and all demands where crushed by military or police. Eventually discontent boiled into a full scale revolution.
Pan-Africanism: Pan-Africanism was set up to emphasize the unity of Africans and people of African descents. Dubois organized the first conference to approve a charter of rights for Africans.
Mandate System (M. East): The mandate system was a group of territories administered by European nations. These angered the Arab nations who at the end of WWI felt betrayed by the west when they were promised independence for their help in fighting.
Great Salt March: Gandhi believed that the British imposed salt monopoly was an evil burden because of severe taxing. Natural salt was available in the seas but Indians were forbidden to touch or sell it. Gandhi�s intention was to shake Indians feelings toward British colonial rule.
May Fourth Movement: The May Fourth Movement was a large group of students gathered Beijing and declared �Chinas territory may be conquered, but it can not be given away.� Students organized boycotts whose chief goal was to strengthen the empire of China.
Effect of Great Depression in Japan: Trade and economic lifeline suffered as foreign buyers could no longer afforded Japanese silks and other exports which the Japanese heavily relied on. Unemployment increased and peasants faced starvation in rural villages.
Chapter 30
General strike: A general strike consisted of many workers in many different industries striking at the same time. It lasted nine days and involved 3 million workers when the wages remained low in Britain.
Stream of consciousness: In this technique, a writer probes characters random thoughts without imposing any logic or order. Woolf used this to express the hidden thoughts of people through there everyday lives.
Flapper: A flapper was a rebellious young woman in the 1920�s. The first flappers were American but Europeans soon adopted new ways and hated old ways.
Concentration camp: A concentration camp is a detention center for civilians considered enemies of the state. Hitler and his henchmen used these to detain Jews for the �final solution�: the extermination of all Jews.
Leon Blum: In 1936, several left wing parties united behind socialist leader Blum. His attempts at economic reform fell through resulting in a series of crisis. Democracy in France survived, but lacked strong leadership that could respond to change.
Marie Curie: Curie was a Polish-born French chemist. She shared a 1903 Nobel Prize with her husband, Pierre Curie and Henri Becquerel for fundamental research on radioactivity. In 1911 she won a second Nobel Prize for her discovery and study of radium and polonium.
Franklin D. Roosevelt: FDR was the 32nd President of the United States. Governor of New York, he ran for President with the promise of a New Deal for the American people.
Virginia Woolf: Woolf was a British writer whose works include fiction written in an experimental stream-of-consciousness style. Woolf used this to express the hidden thoughts of people through there everyday lives.
Albert Einstein: Einstein was a German-born American theoretical physicist whose special and general theories of relativity revolutionized modern thought on the nature of space and time. His work formed a theoretical base for the exploitation of atomic energy.
James Joyce: Joyce was an Irish writer whose literary innovations have had a profound influence on modern fiction. His works include Ulysses and Finnegan�s Wake.
Pablo Picasso: Picasso was a famous Spanish artist. He became one of the most prolific and influential artists of the 20th century. Picasso excelled in painting, sculpture, etching, stage design, and ceramics.
Joseph Pilsudski: Pilsudski was the dictator of Poland. He was a fascist leader who based his ideas on the model set in Italy by Benito Mussolini.
Frank Lloyd Wright: Wright was an American architect whose distinctive style, based on natural forms, had a great influence on the modern movement in architecture. His designs included private homes, the Johnson Wax Company Building in Racine, Wisconsin, and the Guggenheim Museum in New York City.
Kellog-Briand Pact: This pact was an agreement that almost every independent nation signed. This was set up to renounce an instrument of national policy. This was a pursuit of disarmament in the world.
Fascism: A system of government marked by centralization of authority under a dictator, stringent socioeconomic controls, suppression of the opposition through terror and censorship, and typically a policy of belligerent nationalism and racism. Benito Mussolini is said to be the father of Fascism.
Adolph Hitler: Hitler was an Austrian-born founder of the German Nazi Party and chancellor of the Third Reich. His fascist philosophy was embodied in Mein Kampf, meaning my struggle. He became dictator of Germany, and we all know what happened next.
Totalitarian rule: Totalitarian rule was a system of government in which the government had complete control over every aspect of life. Hitler�s fascists� ideas brought about a totalitarian rule in Germany.
Mein Kampf: This was the book, My Struggle, which Hitler wrote when he was in jail. In it he expressed many things, including racism and other wonderful things like anti-Semitism.
Campaign against the Jews: Hitler wanted to drive the Jews out of Germany. The Nuremberg placed severe restrictions against the Jews such as not being allowed to marry non Jews, attending or teaching at German schools or universities, holding government jobs, practicing law or medicine, or publishing books.
Great Depression: The economic crisis beginning with the stock market crash in 1929 and continuing through the 1930s. It first hit America, but soon spread to its business partners in Europe and eventually throughout the world and across the Pacific.
Mussolini: Benito was the Italian Fascist dictator and prime minister who conducted an expansionist foreign policy, formalized an alliance with Germany, and brought Italy into World War II. Dismissed by Victor Emmanuel III, he led a puppet Nazi government in northern Italy until 1945, when he was assassinated.
Weimar Republic: The Weimer was a democratic government that failed in Germany, giving rise to Hitler. It gave both women and men the right to vote along with other rights soon to be stripped away.
Kristallnacht: This was also known as the night of the broken glass. These days occurred on November 9th and 10th, 1938. This was when the Nazi mobs led attacks against the Jewish community under Hitler�s ruling.
List causes of Great Depression: A major problem was overproduction, the demand for raw materials also increased. Higher farm output was met with a low demand, Consumers benefited but the producers went out of business. Industrial workers won higher wages and raised the price of manufactured goods. This imbalance combined with other problems undermined industrialized economies of the world.
Chapter 31
Appeasement: Appeasement is giving in to the demands of an aggressor in order to keep peace. Western democracies denounced his moves against the Treaty of Versailles, but took no action; instead they adopted the policy of appeasement.
Blitzkrieg: Blitzkrieg was Hitler�s lightning war, in which planes would bomb and shoot troops or civilians, followed closely by tanks and troop transports. In September of 1939 Nazi forces used this against Poland, which fell quickly.
Cold War: The Cold War was an ideological war fought between communism and democracy, The Soviet Union and The United States. The Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan showed the US� discontent with communism.
Collaborator: A collaborator in WWII terms was someone who helped the Nazi�s hunt down Jews. The Vichy government in France, for example, shipped tens of thousands of Jews to their death.
Containment (policy): The idea of containment limited the spread of communism to the areas already under Soviet control. The Truman Doctrine was rooted in the idea of containment.
Genocide: Genocide is the deliberate attempt to destroy and entire religious group or ethnic group. Hitler�s �Final Plan� was a mass genocide against the Jews and other minorities he claimed were racially inferior enter the Holocaust.
Kamikaze: In WWII terms, a kamikaze was a Japanese youth who flew a plane equipped with explosives into American warships. They did this to save their homeland, as they would rather die than surrender.
Pacifism: Pacifism is the opposition to all war. Widespread pacifism and disgust with the last war pushed governments to seek peace at any price.
Winston Churchill: British Prime Minister during World War II. He recognized the Nazi threat from early on and urged people to stop them before they regained their military strength and power.
Francisco Franco: Franco was a right wing general that led a revolt to set off a bloody Spanish civil war. In 1939 he succeeded in the overthrow, he created a fascist dictatorship like those of Hitler�s Germany and Mussolini�s Italy.
Dwight Eisenhower: Eisenhower, later America�s president, was an American general who took command of a joint Anglo American force in Morocco and Algeria. Advancing from the west he combined with British forces to trap Rommel�s army.
Haile Selassie: Haile was the Ethiopian King at the time of Italy�s invasion. He appealed to the League of Nations for help, which voted sanctions against Italy for violating international law.
Harry Truman: Truman took office after FDR died unexpectedly on April 12. Truman knew the atomic bomb was a terrible new force for destruction, but after talking with his advisors he decided to use the new weapon on Japan.
Dunkirk: Dunkirk was a French coastal town in which the Allies were forced to retreat to due to the advancing Nazi forces. The British sent every available naval vessel, merchant ship, and every pleasure boat in a daring rescue dubbed the Miracle of Dunkirk.
El Alamein: British General Bernard Montgomery finally stopped Rommel�s advance through the desert and drove him back across Libya into Tunisia. Later Eisenhower took command of a join force along with the British trapped Rommel�s army which then surrendered.
Guernica: On an April morning in 1937 German bombers streaked over the squares of Guernica, a small, insignificant market town. They then machine gunned the remained of 16000 people to death.
Hiroshima: On August 6, 1945 an American plane dropped an atomic bomb on the mid size town of Hiroshima. The bomb completely flattened four square miles and instantly killed 70000 people. More died of radiation in the following years.
Nagasaki: On August 9, 1945 a second atomic bomb was dropped on Nagasaki. It killed 40000 people, the next day Japan surrendered after Hirohito intervened, something unheard of for a Japanese emperor.
Pearl Harbor: As tension grew between America and Japan, General Tojo ordered a surprise attack on the American fleet at Pearl Harbor. On December 7, 1941 Japanese airplanes struck, destroying 19 ships, numerous planes, and killing 2400 people.
Operation Barbarossa: In June of 1941, Hitler embarked on Operation Barbarossa, which was the conquest of the Soviet Union. He intended to gain �living space� for Germans and to win control of regions rich in resources.
D-Day: To prepare for the invasion, bombers flew constant missions over Germany targeting major German industrial plants and going as far as destroying whole cities. The Allies chose June 6, 1944, D-Day, for the invasion of France. About 176,000 troops were ferried across the English Channel, breaking across the shore into Normandy and on to Paris. Other Allied forces moved from Italy to land in southern France.
Battle of Midway: Six months after Pearl Harbor, American warships and airplanes severely damaged Japanese fleets at the Battle of Midway Island. This was the first in a series of island hopping campaigns to get closer to Japan itself.
Holocaust: The Holocaust was the slaughter of Jews and other inferior races under Hitler�s Final Plan. 6 million Jews died at the hands of the Nazi�s in gas chambers, work camps, hangings, firing squads, and other horrible deaths in special camps located throughout German territory.
Cold War rivals (which nations): The Cold War was �fought� between the Soviet Union and the United States. It was an ideological war, Soviet communism versus American democracy for control of Southeast Asian countries and the Slavic nations of Eastern Europe.
Francisco Franco: Franco was a right wing general that led a revolt to set off a bloody Spanish civil war. In 1939 he succeeded in the overthrow, he created a fascist dictatorship like those of Hitler�s Germany and Mussolini�s Italy.
Benito Mussolini: Benito built Italy into a modern militarial power to pursue imperialist ambitions. He was the first in a series of New World fascist dictators that came to power without firing a single shot as he marched on Rome and demanded that he be put into office as prime minister and �build� a government.
Adolph Hitler: Hitler was elected chancellor legally through a democratic voting process. He built up the German army in defiance of the Treaty of Versailles. He also saw the desire for peace as a weakness, and somewhat followed Mussolini�s Italian fascist government.
Tojo Hideki: General Tojo Hideki was an extreme militarist who was gaining much power in Japan. He did not want peace; instead he hoped to seize lands in Asia and the Pacific. However the US was interfering with their plans. General Tojo Hideki then ordered a surprise attack on the American fleets at Pearl Harbor.
Neville Chamberlin: Neville Chamberlin was the British Prime Minister that that told cheering crowds that he had achieved �peace of our time.� after returning from Munich. He declared that the Munich Pact had �saved Czechoslovakia from destruction and Europe from Armageddon.�
Franklin Roosevelt: FDR, as he was better known, was part of the Big Three that hoped to crush Germany and Japan. He died unexpectedly, leaving his office to Harry Truman. FDR had tried to keep the US neutral in the war, but the attack on Pearl Harbor was the final push to allow him to declare war on Japan and Germany.
Stalingrad: The Battle of Stalingrad was one of the costliest of the war. Hitler wanted to capture Stalin�s namesake city, and Stalin wanted to defend it. The Germans surrounded the city, and were then surrounded by Soviet forces; the battles raged from house to house, some fought for 2 weeks for one house. The Germans had no supplies and the commander was forced to surrender in 1943 after 300,000 of his men were killed, wounded, or captured.
Explain 2 reasons why the US used the atomic bomb against Japan: One, the US used the bomb to save the lives of Allied forces; had we invaded Japan the cost would have been as great as those in Europe. Two, the US saw the atomic bomb as a quick end to the war. They thought that the bomb would force Japan to surrender or face utter destruction, they wisely surrendered.
Chapter 32
Terrorism: Terrorism is the deliberate use of random violence against civilians to exact revenge or achieve political goals. Since the 1960�s the word has seen a rise in terrorist activity.
Privatization: Privatization is the selling off of state owned industries to private investors. Nations hoped that more efficient private organizations would produce higher quality goods in the long run.
Nonaligned: To be nonaligned means to be not allied to either side in the Cold War. Nations did this so that they would avoid super power rivalry.
Multinational Corporation: A multinational corporation is an enterprise with branches in many different countries. These corporations have invested in the developing world to help with their development and provide aid, technical advisers, and loans.
Liberation Theology: Liberation theology is a movement that urged the church to become more active in opposing poverty. In Latin America, some Roman Catholic clergy adopted this theology.
Interdependence: Interdependence is the dependence of countries on goods, resources, and knowledge from other parts of the world. Since 1945 the shrinking globe has made the world ever more interdependent.
Culture Shock: Culture shock refers to when people who move from the villages to cities suffer a sense stress and isolation. Older beliefs and values are undermined by urban places and are mostly concerned about material wealth, education, and job status.
Acid Rain: Gases from power plants and factories produced acid rain, a form of pollution in which toxic chemicals in the air come back to the Earth as rain, snow, or hail. Acid rain damaged forests, lakes, and farmland, especially in industrial Europe and North America.
Effects of Cold War: The Cold War started when the Soviet Union and the US competed for influence in developing nations by offering economic and military aid. Each superpower wanted new countries to adopt its ideology; capitalism or socialism.
Why did democracy fail in many new nations?: Democracy fell in new nations because they did not have the capital to make it work properly. The new nations had little funding, so some starved while others dined and thus you had revolts etc.
Majority of world's wealth controlled by?: The majority of the world�s wealth is controlled by the Global North. The Global North is developed in industry etc while the south is not and thus you have the economic gap.
Effect of urbanization in developing nations: Urbanization in developing nations could not be properly supported. The cities became crowded and finding a job in the still developing nations remained difficult.
Factories effect on environmental damage: Due to the expansion of factories, many parts of the environment were damaged. For instance, air and water pollution, deforestation, desertification, endangered plants and animals, and waste disposal were all affected by the large development of factories.
Factors contributing to political instability in African nations: In Africa, civil wars and other struggles prevented economic development. Military dictators or other authoritarian leaders spent huge sums on weapons and warfare instead of on education, housing, or health care.
Primary cause of global interdependence: As nations became super industrial, they needed more resources. Often times goods, knowledge, technology etc were needed from other nations and thus one became dependent on the other.
Global South: The Global South refers the undeveloped nations south of the Equator that are economically poor compared to the North. The South is striving to become industrial and get above the poverty line with aid from nations in the North.
Chapter 33
Modern technology: Technology rapidly advanced after World War II. New innovations included the modern radio, television, updated phone, fax and perhaps the most revolutionary, the computer.
Welfare State: A major goal of leftist parties was to extend the welfare state. Under this system, a government keeps most features of a capitalist economy but takes greater responsibility for the social and economic needs of its people.
Glasnost: Glasnost refers to a state of openness to another nation etc. In the Soviet Union Gorbachev launched a revolutionary two-pronged effort at reform, calling for glasnost to the West to end Cold War tensions.
Dissident: A dissident is someone who speaks out against the government. Brezhnev rigorously suppressed dissidents, who faced being arrested and imprisoned.
Deficit: The national deficit is the gap between what a government spends and what it takes in through taxes and other sources. Debates in the 1990�s raged about how far to cut spending so the deficit would shorten.
D�tente: D�tente refers to a relaxation of tensions. By the 1970�s American and Soviet leaders promoted an era of d�tente until the Soviets invaded Afghanistan in 1979.
Leonid: In 1964, economic and foreign policy setbacks resulted in Khrushchev�s removal from office. Leonid Brezhnev took over the Soviet Union and rigorously suppressed dissidents.
Brezhnev: In 1964, economic and foreign policy setbacks resulted in Khrushchev�s removal from office. Leonid Brezhnev took over the Soviet Union and rigorously suppressed dissidents.
Charles de Gaulle: de Gaulle was a French general and statesman. He later became the first president of the Fifth Republic.
Martin Luther King Jr: Martin Luther King Jr. was a gifted preacher who, in 1956, emerged as a leader of the civil rights movement. Inspired by Gandhi�s campaign of civil disobedience in India, King organized boycotts and led peaceful marches throughout the 1960s to end segregation in the United States.
Joseph McCarthy: Between 1950 and 1954, Senator Joseph McCarthy charged many Americans with harboring communist sympathies. Government probes, however, produced little evidence of subversion and eventually, the Senate condemned McCarthy�s reckless behavior, but not before his unjust charges had ruined the careers of thousands of Americans.
Margaret Thatcher: Margaret Thatcher was the British prime minister who denounced the welfare state as costly and inefficient. Thatcher also worked to replace government social and economic programs that promoted individual initiative.
Perestroika: Perestroika refers to the rebuilding of the government and the economy. Gorbachev pushed this theory, streamlining government and reducing the size of the bureaucracy.
Service industry: A service industry refers to a service rather than a product that the government provides. Service industries include health care, finance, sales, education, and recreation.
Mikhail Gorbachev: Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev was a key player in the shape of today�s world. His reforms led to discontent and eventually the independence of Eastern Europe, the breakup of the Soviet Union, and the end of the Cold War.
Helmut Kohl: West German chancellor Helmut Kohl was the architect of unity. He assured both the Soviet Union and the West that a united Germany would pose no threat to peace.
Nikita Khrushchev: Khrushchev emerged as the new Soviet leader after Stalin. In 1956, he shocked top Communist party members when he publicly denounced Stalin�s abuse of power. He didn�t change many of the goals, but he did free many political prisoners and eased censorship.
Josip Tito: During World War II, a fierce guerrilla leader named Josip Tito had battled German occupying forces. Later, Tito set up a communist government in Yugoslavia, but he pursued a path independent of Moscow. He refused to join the Warsaw Past and claimed to be neutral in the Cold War.
Lech Walesa: In 1980, economic hardships ignited strikes of shipyard workers which were led by Lech Walesa. They organized an independent trade union called Solidarity. It soon claimed 10 million members who pressed for political change.
Reunification of Germany: With the fall of the Soviet Union, Germany was reunited. A main symbol of the reunification is the Berlin Wall, which was partially destroyed upon news of reunification.
Goal of Separatism in Quebec: Quebec�s French speaking population saw themselves as a distinct society. To protect their culture Quebec demanded more autonomy within Canada.
Result of central economic planning in the Soviet Union: In the Soviet Union Stalin and his successors focused on industries such as steel, coal, and heavy industry as well as science and technology. The funds going to the people were lacking, in the late 1980s the economy faced a major obstacle with military costs skyrocketing.
Civil war in Yugoslavia: Civil War broke out in Yugoslavia because a wave of nationalism came over the country once Josip Tito and his communist nation died. The three main ethnic groups eventually separated and formed their own countries and capitals.
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Asian tigers � The East Asian Tigers originally referred to the economies of Taiwan, Hong Kong, South Korea, and Singapore; these nations were noted for maintaining high growth rates between the early 1960s and 1990s.
Commune - A relatively small, often rural community whose members share common interests, work, and income and often own property collectively.
Diet � japans parliament.
Domino theory - A theory that if one nation comes under Communist control, then neighboring nations will also come under Communist control.
Gross domestic product - The total market value of all the goods and services produced within the borders of a nation during a specified period.
Khmer Rouge - Cambodian Communist movement that was active as a guerrilla force from 1970 to the late 1990s and held power under the leadership of Pol Pot from 1975 to 1979.
"Little Red Book" � The Little Red Book, has been published by the Government of the People's Republic of China since 1966. As its title implies, it is a collection of quotations excerpted from Mao's past speeches and publications. The book's alternative title The Little Red Book was coined by the West for its pocket-sized edition, which was specifically printed and sold to facilitate easy carrying, but that name is in fact never used and bears no meaning in China.
Hong Kong - An administrative region of southeast China on the coast southeast of Guangzhou, including Hong Kong Island and adjacent areas. Hong Kong Island was occupied by the British during the Opium War (1839-1842) and ceded to them by the Treaty of Nanking (1842). Other portions of the colony were acquired in 1860 and in 1898 by a 99-year lease. A free port and important center of international commerce and banking for most of the 20th century, Hong Kong reverted to Chinese sovereignty in 1997. Victoria is the capital. Population: 6,061,000.
Japan - country of Asia on an archipelago off the northeast coast of the mainland. Traditionally settled c. 660 B.C., Japan's written history began in the 5th century A.D. During the feudal period (12th-19th century) real power was held by the shoguns, whose dominance was finally ended by the restoration of the emperor Mutsuhito in 1868. Feudalism was abolished, and the country was opened to Western trade and industrial technology. Expansionist policies led to Japan's participation in World War II, which ended after atomic bombs were dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki (August 1945). Today the country is highly industrialized and noted for its advanced technology. Tokyo is the capital and the largest city. Population: 124,961,000.
Pacific Rim - The countries and landmasses surrounding the Pacific Ocean, often considered as a socioeconomic region.
Singapore - A country of Southeast Asia comprising Singapore Island and adjacent smaller islands. A trading center as early as the 14th century, Singapore was later part of Johor, a region of the southern Malay Peninsula, under the Malacca Sultanate. The island of Singapore was ceded to the British East India Company in 1819, and the city was founded the same year by Sir Thomas Raffles. The British took complete control in 1824 and added Singapore to the newly formed Straits Settlements in 1826. During World War II it was held by the Japanese (1942-1945) before being retaken by the British. Singapore became a crown colony in 1946, a self-governing state in 1959, part of the Federation of Malaysia in 1963, and a fully independent republic in 1965. The city of Singapore is the capital. Population: 2,930,000.
Vietnam - A country of Southeast Asia in eastern Indochina on the South China Sea. It comprises the historical regions of Tonkin, Annam, and Cochin China, much of which was under Chinese control from the 3rd century B.C. to the 15th century A.D. Portuguese traders arrived in 1535, and the area came under French influence in the mid-19th century as part of French Indochina. After the fall of the French garrison at Dien Bien Phu in 1954, it was partitioned into North Vietnam and South Vietnam. The Vietnam War (1954-1975) grew out of the attempt by Communist Vietcong guerrillas backed by North Vietnam to overthrow the U.S.-supported regime in the south. The South Vietnamese government collapsed in 1975, and the country was reunited in 1976. Hanoi is the capital and Ho Chi Minh City the largest city. Population: 72,510,000.
Mao Zedong � Chinese Communist leader and theorist. A founder of the Chinese Communist Party (1921), he led the Long March (1934-1935) and proclaimed the People's Republic of China in 1949. As party chairman and the country's first head of state (1949-1959) he initiated the Great Leap Forward and the founding of communes. He continued as party chairman after 1959 and was a leading figure in the Cultural Revolution (1966-1969). In the 1970s he consolidated his political power and established ties with the West.
Four Modernizations � goals of Deng Xiaoping�s reforms. They were first introduced by Zhou Enlai in 1976. The Four Modernizations were:
� agriculture
� industry
� science and technology
� the military
North Korea � A country of northeast Asia on the Korean Peninsula. Inhabited since ancient times, the region was occupied by Japan from 1910 until the end of World War II in 1945. After the war the peninsula was divided into a Soviet occupation zone in the north and an American zone in the south. The territory attained its present-day boundaries after the cease-fire ending the Korean War (1950-1953). Under Kim Il Sung (ruled 1948-1994) North Korea became increasingly isolated, especially after the breakup of the Soviet Union in 1991. Pyongyang is the capital and the largest city. Population: 23,904,000.
South Korea � A country of eastern Asia at the southern end of the Korean peninsula. A united kingdom since the seventh century A.D., Korea was occupied by Japan (1910-1945) and divided into a northern Soviet zone and a southern American zone after World War II. Soviet resistance to reunification led to the establishment in 1948 of two separate countries, with the Korean War (1950-1953) leaving the peninsula divided along much the same line as before. Ruled by a series of authoritarian military leaders, South Korea developed a prosperous economy on the strength of trade ties with Japan and the United States. Seoul is the capital and the largest city. Population: 44,453,000.
General Macarthur�s military govt goals. - to make peace.
Nationalist � The belief that nations will benefit from acting independently rather than collectively, emphasizing national rather than international goals.
Ho Chi Minh � Vietnamese leader and first president of North Vietnam (1954-1969). His army was victorious in the French Indochina War (1946-1954), and he later led North Vietnam's struggle to defeat the U.S.-supported government in South Vietnam. Ho Chi Minh died before the reunification of Vietnam (1976).
Importance of Pacific Rim to Global Economy. - they produce many goods and they consume many others.
Effect of American occupation of Japan post WWII. - we helped them to make their economy better and to make better goods.
Communist Revolution � a revolt to end communism.
Cold War Countries (i.e. China, N. Korea, and N. Vietnam) elaborate on each. - china was with the communists so was north Korea and north Vietnam. They were all very bad.
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Green Revolution - A significant increase in agricultural productivity resulting from the introduction of high-yield varieties of grains, the use of pesticides, and improved management techniques.
Harijan - An Untouchable.
Intifada - An uprising among Palestinian Arabs of the Gaza Strip and West Bank, beginning in late 1987 and continuing sporadically into the early 1990s, in protest against continued Israeli occupation of these territories.
Ayatollah Khomeini - Iranian Shiite leader and head of state (1979-1989). Arrested (1963) and exiled (1964) for his opposition to Shah Muhammad Reza Pahlavi's regime, he returned to Iran on the shah's downfall (1979) and established a new constitution giving himself supreme powers. His reign was marked by a return to strict observance of the Islamic code.
kibbutzim - A collective farm or settlement in modern Israel.
Kurds - A member of a pastoral and agricultural people inhabiting the transnational region of Kurdistan in southwest Asia.
Gamal Abdel Nasser - Egyptian army officer and politician who served as prime minister (1954-1956) and president (1956-1958) of Egypt and as president of the United Arab Republic (1958-1970). His nationalization of the Suez Canal precipitated an international crisis (1956).
Jawaharlal Nehru - Indian statesman and leader with Gandhi in the struggle for home rule; was the first Prime Minister of the Republic of India from 1947 to 1964.
hejab - The institution of protection of women in some Islamic societies through veiling or seclusion.
ulama - Muslim scholars trained in Islam and Islamic law.
Bangladesh - A country of southern Asia on the Bay of Bengal. Formerly part of Bengal, it became East Pakistan when India achieved independence in 1947. After a civil war with West Pakistan (1971) culminating in military intervention by India, Bangladesh formed a separate nation. Dhaka is the capital and the largest city. Population: 117,787,00.
Beirut - The capital and largest city of Lebanon, in the western part of the country on the Mediterranean Sea. Founded by the Phoenicians, it was an important Greek and Roman trade center. Beirut was the scene of bitter factional fighting between Christians and Muslims after the outbreak of the Lebanese civil war in 1975 and was further destroyed by an Israeli siege in 1982. Population: 474,870.
West Bank - A disputed territory of southwest Asia between Israel and Jordan west of the Jordan River. Part of Jordan after 1949, it was occupied by Israel in the 1967 Arab-Israeli War. In 1994 an accord between Israel and the PLO was signed, giving Palestinians limited self-rule and requiring measured withdrawal of Israeli troops from the West Bank.
Pakistan - A country of southern Asia. Occupying land crisscrossed by ancient invasion paths, Pakistan was the home of the prehistoric Indus Valley civilization, which flourished until overrun by Aryans c. 1500 B.C. After being conquered by numerous rulers and powers, it passed to the British as part of India and became a separate Muslim state in 1947. The country originally included the Bengalese territory of East Pakistan, which achieved its separate independence in 1971 as Bangladesh. Pakistan became a republic in 1956. Islamabad is the capital and Karachi the largest city. Population: 126,610,000.
Palestine - A historical region of southwest Asia at the eastern end of the Mediterranean Sea and roughly coextensive with modern Israel and the West Bank. Occupied since prehistoric times, it has been ruled by Hebrews, Egyptians, Romans, Byzantines, Arabs, and Turks. A British League of Nations mandate oversaw the affairs of the area from 1920 until 1948, when Israel declared itself a separate state and the West Bank territory was occupied by Jordan. The West Bank was subsequently annexed (1950) by Jordan and occupied (1967) by Israel. In 1988 the Palestine Liberation Organization under Yasir Arafat declared its intention of forming an Arab state of Palestine, probably including the West Bank, the Gaza Strip, and the Arab sector of Jerusalem. The Palestinians achieved limited self-rule in the Gaza Strip and the West Bank in 1993 and 1994.
Muslim and Hindu tension � they have been fighting for so long many of them no longer know what they are fighting for.
Palestinian and Jewish conflict - they have been fighting for so long many of them no longer know what they are fighting for.
Nasser - Egyptian army officer and politician who served as prime minister (1954-1956) and president (1956-1958) of Egypt and as president of the United Arab Republic (1958-1970). His nationalization of the Suez Canal precipitated an international crisis (1956).
PLO - Palestine Liberation Organization.
Water supply in Middle East � very low and is going to get worse with global warming. More important there than oil.
Chapter 36
Jomo Kenyatta - Kenyan nationalist politician and first president of independent Kenya (1964-1978).
Nelson Mandela - South African president (1994-1999) and Black political leader imprisoned for nearly 30 years for his anti-apartheid activities. Released in 1990, he led the African National Congress in negotiating an end to apartheid. In 1993 he shared the Nobel Peace Prize. His former wife, Winnie (born c. 1936), also played a key role as a leader of the ANC.
mixed economy - An economic system that allows for the simultaneous operation of publicly and privately owned enterprises.
Julius Nyerere - Tanzanian politician who led his country to independence from Britain and served as its first president (1962-1985). During his presidency, he successfully promoted East African unity.
Organizations of African Unity � encouraged cooperation among members and supported independence for areas still under colonial rule. Members pledged to respect one another�s borders and to seek peaceful settlement of disputes.
Mobutu Sese Seko - Zairean president (1967-1997). A general in the army, Mobutu overthrew the existing government of the Congo in 1965. He later established himself as president (1967) and renamed the country Zaire (1971). He died shortly after being ousted by political insurgents.
SWAPO � a group that wants to make the African continent into one so that they can solve Africa�s problems.
Ujamaa � a Kiswahili word meaning family hood. Rural farmers were encouraged to live in large villages and to farm the land collectively. The government pledged roads, schools, and technical aid so that agricultural output would increase. It failed miserably.
ANC - African National Congress
F,W, de Klerk � a ruler of an African nation.
Mau Mau - a secret Kenyan organization set up in 1952 with the aim of forcing European settlers from the land and ending British rule in Kenya.
Kwame Nkrumah � a skilled political organizer in the gold coast of Kenya. Became the prime minister of Ghana after he was released from prison.
ethnic conficts in Nigeria � in 1967 the ibo people tried to create their own independent nation. The Nigerians blockaded the new country and starved them out leaving more than a million dead. The Nigerians did not want their country to be split up into smaller pieces because that would mean no ruling power for them.
Minority government in Rhodesia � whites made up only 5 percent of Rhodesia�s population but owned half the land and controlled the government. There was war for 15 years with the whites finally giving up power.
African battleground countries during the Cold War. - the us and Russia were trying to aid countries in Africa that were supporting their ideology with aid and other things. This put many Americans and Russians in the same place. It was like they were fighting a war with each other through who could make the most countries have their ideology.
Algeria's battle for Independence � from 1954 to 1962 a longer and even costlier war of liberation raged in Algeria. France was determined to keep Algeria a colony so when they wanted independence the French tried to stop the movement. They eventually lost.
Zimbabwe's majority rule � white settlers had carved out prosperous farms that produced food crops such as corn and also cash crops like tobacco, tea and cotton. This made the white rich and powerful.
Apartheid - a political system in South Africa from 1948 to the early 1990s that separated the different peoples living there and gave particular privileges to those of European origin.
Economic sanctions against S. Africa- the UN and the US stopped trade to the countries where dictators and other military government to make these leaders stop or slow down to make the peoples lives better.
African urbanization � by 1990 a quarter of all Africans lived in towns and cities. That number is expected to double by 2000. city life weakened traditional cultures. It ruptured the ethnic and kinship ties that held together rural communities. Young urban dwellers who returned to their villages often scorned village customs and traditions.
Weakening of African cultures � the increase of western influence and the increase in urbanization lead to the weakening of the African culture. The western ideals condemned their traditions.
Colonial rule � undermined African traditions by promoting westernization. Today people across Africa are faced with hard choices. On the one hand, they want high standards of living advanced technology, and other benefits of modern societies. On the other they want to preserve their own traditions.
Islam as a revolutionary force in Africa. - Islam had long influenced the northern half of Africa and linked it to the middle east. From north Africa Islam also spread along trade routes into both east and west Africa. In recent years Muslim African nations have taken part in the Islamic revival that began in the middle east. Its message of reform and call for social justice won a wide welcome.