Mr. Haskell
World History
14 March 2005
Chapter 29 Outline
1. The Mexican Revolution
A. Prosperity benefited wealthy landowners, business people, and foreign investors while most peasants lived in poverty.
B. Unrest boiled over when Francisco Madero demanded free elections in 1910, the Diaz dictatorship imprisoned him, and soon he had mass support.
C. During the power struggle following Diaz�s resignation in 1911, several radical leaders emerged during fighting all across Mexico for a decade.
2. Reforms
A. Venustiano Carranza made the Constitution of 1917 which with amendments is still in use today.
B. By 1920, after civil order was restored, the constitution actually made reforms a reality and not a goal.
C. In 1929, government leaders organized the Institutional Revolutionary party which helped modernize Mexico, still dominating today.
3. Rising Tide of Nationalism
A. Mexico�s move to reclaim foreign controlled oil fields reflected nationalism like movement to end economic dependence on other countries like the US.
B. Latin American trade with Europe fell off because of WWI, but as economic nationalism spread, they were determined to develop their own economies and end foreign economic control.
C. By the 1920s, this national feeling led Latin American artists, writers, and thinkers to reject European influences and take pride in their own unique culture.
4. The �Good Neighbor� Policy
A. During and after WWI investments in the US in Latin America soared as British influence declined.
B. During the Mexican Revolution, the US supported leaders who would protect American investments.
C. After a number of anti-US movements and actions by the US, Roosevelt proposed the good neighbor policy, under which the US withdrew troops, lifted Cuban independence control, and survived until turbulent times in 1945.
5. Movements for Change in Africa
A. European colonial influence moved natives from the most profitable land and forced them to work on Euro farms.
B. Opposition steadily grew, and resistance took many forms such as squatting, forming unions, and most common was protests.
C. From 1910, South Africa enforced apartheid so that whites would be most economically sound, and other laws chipped away at black rights until they were left with nothing but discontent.
6. Growing Self-Confidence
A. The most successful movement was Pan-Africanism, led by Jamaican born Marcus Garvey.
B. They had the first Pan-African conference in Paris in 1919 where Allies were having their peace conference, aimed at ending colonial rule, nothing worked.
C. African nationalism brought little political change except in Egypt, where by 1922 Britain declared Egypt�s independence.
7. Modernization in Turkey and Iran
A. Mustafa Kemal, Ataturk, declared Turkey a republic after they overthrew the sultan and defeated western occupation and through reforms modernized Turkey and creates a secular state in which religion was separate from the government.
B. Reforms were aimed at daily life, some at women in whom they didn�t have to wear a veil.
C. In Iran, Reza Khan overthrew the shah and set up his won Pahlavi dynasty with himself as shah, under his rule he rushed to modernize Iran and make it fully independent and modernized daily life like school etc. Oil played the biggest part in policy after this time.
8. Arab Nationalism and European Mandates
A. Pan-Arabism emphasized the golden age of the Arab state.
B. Outraged at the peace conference because the promised land was not delivered, they felt betrayed by the west which continues today which in the 20�s and 30�s escaladed into revolts and protests against western imperialism.
C. In 1917, Britain set the Balfour Declaration, which would give European Jews a homeland in Palestine, controlled by the Arabs which would set the stage for a battle over the holy homeland.
9. Moves Toward Independence
A. Indians were outraged that after they shed blood during WWI, they had no freedom at home.
B. To quiet their demands, the British promised India greater self government after the war but only implicated a few reforms.
C. After Amritsar, the Congress called for full independence, finally in the 1920�s a new leader emerged named Mohandas Gandhi.
10. Mohandas Gandhi
A. Gandhi came from a middle class Hindu family, at 19 he went to England to study law but after an unsuccessful attempt to set up his own firm he joined with an Indian law firm in South Africa.
B. For 20 years he fought discriminating laws in South Africa, returning to India in 1914 with his nonviolent form of protesting.
C. Gandhi adopted both western and traditional Hindu influences that let him set an example for all Indian protests.
11. The Salt March
A. Salt was used by the British exclusively, so Indians were furious that they could neither sell nor buy without tax.
B. On March 12th, Gandhi marched to the sea with 78 followers, as he walked through the villages he spread his message while the people eagerly listened.
C. All around the world, newspapers boomed about Britain, finally after years of handing rights back over gradually, Indian independence was gained in 1947 one year before Gandhi�s death.
12. Looking Ahead
A. Tension between the Hindu majority and Muslim minority often sparked violent confrontations.
B. During the 1930s the Muslim League under Muhammad Ali Jinnah created Pakistan so that Muslims could have their own separate state.
C. India was moving toward independence until the outbreak of the new world war in which Britain postponed Indian independence even further.
13. The Chinese Republic
A. The Qing dynasty had collapsed and Sun Yixian was hoping to rebuild China on the Three Principles of the People.
B. Sun stepped down for a more favorable general, Yuan Shikai that would restore order and create a strong central republic but only worsened Chinas situation.
C. Foreign powers taking over led to student protest and other incidents that led to the appeal of both western ideas and those of Marx and Lenin.
14. Leaders for a New China
A. Jiang Jieshi was a young army officer whose goal was to reunite China under the Guomindang party, while he didn�t have much interest in communism or democracy.
B. Mao Zedong was a communist bent on seeking support among the large peasant masses for a communist overthrow.
C. Jieshi was determined to destroy the communist and pursued them for one year and 6000 miles through rough mountain terrain which killed 80000 of the original 100000 that made the Long March.
15. Japanese Invasion
A. Japan invaded Manchuria to the north, eventually forcing Jieshi to unite all Chinese forces against Japanese attack.
B. In 1937 the Japanese attacked China properly, gaining control of Chongqing, the nationalist capital of China.
C. From 1937 to 1945 three sides were locked in battle, Pearl Harbor forced the US to ally with China against Japan. After the war Chinese civil war occurred and within a few years Mao seized control.
16. Liberal Changes in the 1920�s
A. By the 1920�s everything about Japanese democracy was strengthened; men had the right to vote but women�s rights were still limited.
B. During WWI, the Japanese economy boomed with Allied trade, eventually the most powerful traders gained political control.
C. Over time, the seemingly booming Japanese economy mellowed out and those not seeing the benefits from the economy turned to the ideas of Marx and Lenin, eventually socialists were elected to the Diet.
17. The Nationalist Reaction
A. In 1929 the Great Depression reached the shores of Japan with great affects.
B. Economic disaster led to military and ultranationalist discontent, resulting in a demand for more lands in Manchuria to provide resources to the bustling population.
C. In 1931 Japanese army officers blew up a Japanese railroad and blamed it on the Chinese, without consent they attacked and gained Manchuria, renamed Manzhougou.
18. Militarists in Power
A. Military leaders attempted to overthrow the government by assassinating anyone who stood in their way, eventually in 1936 occupying the center of Tokyo.
B. Civilian government survived but in 1937 was forced to adopt military domination and rebuilt the government like those of traditional Japan IE the emperor a god etc.
C. The outbreak of WWII, stopped the Japanese take over of China and Japan joined with Germany and Italy that turned WWII into a world wide conflict.