Mr. Haskell
World History
27 January 2005
Chapter 27 Study Guide
1. Militarism: glorification of the ideals of a professional military class. Under militarism, the armed forces and readiness for war came to dominate national policy
2. Ultimatum: statement, especially in diplomatic negotiations, that expresses or implies the threat of serious penalties if the terms are not accepted. The ultimatum said that in order to end war, Serbia must end all anti-Austrian agitation and punish any Serbian official involved in the murder plot.
3. Mobilize: to assemble, prepare, or put into operation for or as if for war: organize the troops. Russia mobilized its troop in order to deploy them at a moments notice.
4. Neutrality: the state or policy of being neutral, especially nonparticipation in war. For a short time Italy was neutral, but mainly the US neutrality was a major issue of World War I.
5. Total war: the channeling of a nation�s entire resources into a war effort. This is what all nations in WWI did when they realized the war was inevitable.
6. Propaganda: systematic propagation of a doctrine or cause or of information reflecting the views and interests of those advocating such a doctrine or cause. Propaganda was often used by one nation to persuade a nation to support it.
7. Atrocity: An atrocity is an act against an innocent people. Germany often made atrocious attacks on the French and British.
8. Armistice: temporary cessation of fighting by mutual consent; a truce. Armistice was sought out by the German government when they realized that victory could not be attained.
9. Reparations: compensation or remuneration required from a defeated nation as indemnity for damage or injury during a war. The Allies blamed their economic suffering on the Germans, and thus demanded reparations.
10. Mandate: Definition: assign (a colony or territory) to a specified nation under a mandate. Britain and France gained mandates over German colonies in Africa and Ottoman lands in the Middle East.
11. Edith Cavell: Cavell was a British nurse born in Swardeston, England. She ran a Red Cross hospital in Belgium even after the German invasion.
12. Georges Clemenceau: Georges was a French politician who served as premier. He played a key role in negotiating the Treaty of Versailles in 1919.
13. Alfred Nobel: Noble was a Swedish chemist and engineer who invented dynamite, which was much safer than other explosives at the time. He used his fortune to institute the Nobel Prizes.
14. Gavrillo Princip: Princip assassinated Francis Ferdinand and his wife. Gavrillo belonged to a terrorist group devoted to Serbian nationalism, wanting to unite all Southern Slavs in a single state dominated by Serbia.
15. Sarajevo: Sarajevo was the capital of Bosnia and Herzegovina where Ferdinand was assassinated. Ferdinand had traveled to Sarajevo to direct the maneuvers of the two army corps stationed there.
16. Woodrow Wilson: Wilson was the 28th President of the United States whose administration was marked by World War I and the introduction of prohibition. At the Paris Peace Conference he included the establishment of the League of Nations as a proviso of the Treaty of Versailles. He won the 1919 Nobel Peace Prize; he was unable to convince the U.S. Senate to ratify the treaty.
17. Wilson's Fourteen Points: The fourteen points for peace were as follows: (1) abolition of secret diplomacy by open covenants, openly arrived at; (2) freedom of the seas in peace and war, except as the seas may be closed in whole or part by international action for enforcement of international covenants; (3) removal of international trade barriers wherever possible and establishment of an equality of trade conditions among the nations consenting to the peace; (4) reduction of armaments consistent with public safety; (5) adjustment of colonial disputes consistent with the interests of both the controlling government and the colonial population; (6) evacuation of Russian territory, with the proviso of self-determination; (7) evacuation and restoration of Belgium; (8) evacuation and restoration of French territory, including Alsace-Lorraine; (9) readjustment of Italian frontiers along clearly recognizable lines of nationality; (10) autonomy for the peoples of Austria-Hungary; (11) evacuation and restoration of territory to Serbia, Montenegro, and Romania, granting of seaports to Serbia, and readjustment and international guarantee of the national ambitions of the Balkan nations; (12) self-determination for non-Turkish peoples under Turkish control and internationalization of the Dardanelles; (13) an independent Poland, with access to the sea; and (14) creation of a general association of nations under specific covenants to give mutual guarantees of political independence and territorial integrity.
18. Francis Ferdinand: Ferdinand was the archduke of Austria. His assassination somewhat sparked the beginning of World War I.
19. Kaiser William II: William II was the emperor of Germany and King of Prussia. His policies contributed to the bringing about of World War I.
20. Bertha Von Sutner: Von Sutner was an Austrian writer and peace activist. She won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1905.
21. Triple Alliance: The Triple Alliance concluded May 20, 1882. It united Italy, Austria-Hungary, and Germany but was not regarded as being directed against England.
22. Ottoman Empire: Until World War I, the Ottoman Empire was flourishing. Afterwards, the empire fell and its territory was carved into provinces of other nations that eventually became self governing.
23. Trench warfare: Warfare conducted using a form of field fortification consisting of parallel rows of trenches. Trench warfare was used extensively in World War I.
24. Machine gun (role it played in WWI): Machine guns were not the main weapons of British soldiers. They needed between 4-6 men to man them in 1914 and had to be positioned on a flat surface. The new machine guns could fire up to 400 rounds per minute and they had the fire power of almost 100 guns.
25. Airplane (role it played in WWI): Just a few years after the first flight, airplanes were used for war purposes. Planes were used as bombers, in which the pilot actually dropped the bomb or used a crude lever system as well as shooting down other nations pilots.
26. Role of women in WWI: Before WWI, women stayed at home to cook and care for children. During they war however they were sent to work as part of the daily workforce, sometimes doing industrial work that supported the war effort.
27. Nationalism (i.e. tension between France and Germany): Both France and Germany had extreme senses of nationalism so they were always butting heads. When Ferdinand was assassinated it enraged the French and further sparked the scuffle to the point of war.
28. Paris Peace Conference: The Paris Peace Conference was very important in World War I. It was here that the Treaty of Versailles was singed, ending World War I between Germany and the Allies.
29. American neutrality: For three years, as Europeans faced war on an unprecedented scale, the neutrality of the United States gradually slipped away. On May 7, 1915, a German submarine attacked a British passenger liner, the Lusitania, killing more than a thousand people including 128 Americans, the war was on.
30. Black Hand: Black Hand was a terrorist group organized by Bosnia Serbs. Principe joined this group before the assassination of Francis Ferdinand. This group, who was also involved in organizing all South Slav people into a single nation, was also known as Unity or Death.
31. Treaty of Versailles: The Treaty of Versailles was singed at the Paris Peace Conference. It ended the fighting between Germany and the Allies.
32. Self determination: Self-determination is the right of a people to determine their own form of government. The Allies used this principle to add to their existing overseas empires by creating a system of mandates.
33. Shleiffen Plan: The Shleiffen Plan was developed by General Alfred von Shleiffen, and allowed Germany to avoid two-front war. He realized that Germany�s military would be slow to mobilize. Under his plan, Germany had to first defeat France quickly.
34. U boat: German U boats were submarines used to launch torpedoes at enemy ships. U boats led many attacks on innocent merchant ships, which was one major reason the US joined the war.
35. Lusitania: Almost 1,200 people, including 128 Americans, were killed on the British liner the Lusitania. The Germans, after torpedoing the ship, justified the attack by arguing that it was carrying weapons, this urged the US into war.
36. Armistice: An armistice is an agreement that ends fighting. On November 11, 1918, Germany sought an armistice with the Allies, which eventually ended the war.
37. Mandate: Mandates are territories that were administered by western powers. The German colonies in Africa and Ottoman lands in the Middle East were gained by Britain and France after the war.
38. War reparations: Reparations are payments for war damage. The Allies tried to blame the conflict on their defeated enemies and insisted that they make war reparations and pay in full for the damages caused during the war.
39. Western front: On the western front, both sides burrowed in a vast system of trenches. No man�s land was the area in between trenches. With the new developments, such as machine guns, not very many men made it past this area.
40. Eastern front: On the eastern front, battle lines swayed back and forth, usually over large areas. However, there were fewer casualties than on the more brutal Western front.
41. Verdun: The Battle of Verdun was one of the bloodiest battles of the war. Over 2 million people fought in the town of Verdun on February 21, 1916.
42. Battle of Marne: In the first battle at Marne on September 6, 1914, advances made by the Germans to Paris were stopped by the Allies, and the Germans retreated and abandoned the Shleiffen plan. On the second battle in July of 1918, the German army took a major blow before they were destroyed by the Allies.