Mr. Haskell
World History
13 December 2004
Chapter 21 Outline
1. Preserving the Old Order
A. Conservatives of the early 1800�s wanted to turn back the clock to the way things had been before the 1789. They wanted to restore the power the royal families that had lost their thrones when Napoleon swept across Europe. They felt that the lower classes should respect and obey their social superiors and they also backed established church which was Catholic in Austria and the South European countries.
B. Ideologies were systems of thought and belief in which It plunged Europe into a period of turmoil that lasted more than 30 years. This was because different voices kept challenging the order imposed in 1815.
C. Conservatives believed that talk about natural rights an constitutional government could lead only to chaos and they argued that change must come slowly. They urged monarchs to suppress revolutionary ideas and crush protests in their own countries.
2. The Liberal Challenge
A. Liberals spoke out against divine- right monarchy, the old aristocracy and established churches and they defended the natural rights of individuals to liberty, equality and property. Their ideas are sometimes called �bourgeois liberalism� because most of the time they spoke out they spoke out for the middle class.
B. Liberals called for rulers elected by the people and responsible to them. Most liberal favored a republican form of government over a monarchy or at least wanted the monarch to be limited by a constitution.
C. Liberals strongly supported the laissez-faire economics of Adam Smith and David Ricardo. They saw the free market as an opportunity for capitalist enterprises to succeed.
3. Nationalist Stirrings
A. A major goal for nationalists was unifying and gaining independence for people with a common national heritage and they believed that each group should have its own state.
B. In two major rebellions between 1804 and 1817 the Serbs suffered terrible defeats and in the end they achieved autonomy or self rule within the ottoman Empire. A revival of Slavic literature and culture added to the sense of nationhood.
C. In the late 1820s Britain, France and Russia forced the ottomans to grant independence to some Greek provinces and by 1830s Greece was independent. Europeans powers pressured the Greeks to accept a German King which was a move that would show that they did not support revolution.
4. Challenges to the Old Order
A. Revolts occurred along the southern fringe of Europe. In Spain, Portugal and the Italian states, rebels demanded constitutional governments.
B. A French army marched into Spain to suppress a revolt while Austrian forces crossed the Alps to smash Italian forces.
C. Added to liberal and nationalist demands were the goals of the industrial working class and by the mid 1800s social reformers and agitators were urging workers to support socialism or some way of reorganizing property.
5. France After the Restoration
A. The �ultras� included many high clergy and �migr� nobles who had returned to France after the Revolution. The ultras faced bitter opposition from other factions and liberals wanted to extend suffrage and win a share of power for middle-class citizens like themselves.
B. In Paris, angry citizens threw up barricades across the narrow streets and within days rebels controlled the streets.
C. Louis Philippe was called the �citizen king� because he owed his throne to the people and he got along with the liberal bourgeoisie.
6. The French Revolution of 1848
A. During the February days iron railing, overturned carts, paving stones, and toppled trees again blocked the streets of Paris and people sang the revolutionary �La Marseillaise�
B. Furious workers took to the streets of Paris rallying to the cry �Bread or Lead� Peasants who feared that socialists might take their land also attacked the rioting.
C. Louis Napoleon used a plebiscite to win public approval for his seizure of power. A stunning 90 percent of voters supported his move to set up the second Empire. Many saw a monarchy as more stable than a republic. Some voters thought that he was the old Napoleon and that he had risen from the dead.
7. �Europe Catches Cold�
A. In 1815 the congress of Vienna had unite Austrian Netherlands and the Kingdom of Holland under the Dutch king. The Congress had wanted to create a strong barrier against French expansion. The Belgians and Dutch had different languages, religion, and economic interests.
B. In 1831 Belgium became an independent state with a liberal constitution. Shortly after the major European powers signed a treaty recognizing Belgium as a �perpetually natural state� Protecting Belgian neutrality would be an important issue at he outset of World War I.
C. Nationalists in Poland also staged an uprising in 1830 but unlike Belgians the Poles failed to win independence for their country. The great powers of the Congress of Vienna handed most of Poland to Russia in 1815.
8. The Springtime of the Peoples
A. Middle class liberals wanted a greater share political power for themselves, as well as proections for the basic rights of all citizens. Workers demanded relief from the miseries of the spreading Industrial revolution. The nationalists ached to throw off foreign rule.
B. Uprisings happened in Italy in which Nationalists wanted to end domination of Italy by Austrian Hapsburg. Nationalist�s goals were linked to demands for liberal reforms such as a constitutional government. Independent republics even expelled the Pope from Rome and installed a nationalist government but both didn�t last long
C. In 1848 delegates from many German states met in the Frankfurt Assembly � We are to create a constitution for Germany, for the whole land� declared one leader with boundless optimism. Delegates debated endlessly on such topics as whether the new Germany should be a republic or a monarchy and whether or not to include Austria in a united German state.
9. Looking Ahead
A. In 1830 peasants did not take part in the uprising and in 1848 a growing gulf divided workers seeking radical economic change and liberals pursuing moderate political reform.
B. By mid-century Metternich was gone from the European scene and in the decades ahead liberalism, nationalism, and socialism would win successes not through revolution but through political activity.
C. Ambitious political leaders would unify Germany and Italy. Workers would campaign for reforms through unions and the ballot box.
10. Climate of Discontent
A. Spanish born peninsulares were the only people who could hold top jobs in government and the Church. Merchants fretted under mercancies that tied colonies to Spain. �Commerce ought to be free as air� declared one colonial merchant.
B. Women actively participated in the exchange of ideas. In some cities women hosted and attended salons called tertulias where independence and revolution were discussed. During the French Revolution young creoles like Simon Bolivar traveled in Europe and were inspired by the ideals of �liberty, equality, and brotherhood�
C. The spark that finally ignited widespread revolt in Latin America was Napoleon�s invasion of Spain in 1808. Napoleon ousted the Spanish King and placed his brother Joseph on the Spanish throne.
11. Haiti�s Struggle
A. In Haiti French planters owned great sugar plantations worked by nearly a half a million enprofitable Africans. The sugar trade was hugely profitable but the conditions for the slaves were horrendous.
B. Haiti also had a population of both free and enslaved mulattoes but free mulattoes had few rights and were badly treated by the French.
C. Haitians took action embittered by suffering and inspired by talk of liberty and equality. In 1791 a slave revolt exploded in northern Haiti and it was under the leadership of Toussaint L�Ouverture in which Haitians paved the way for overthrow of French rule.
12. Toussaint L� Ouverture
A. Toussaint�s army consisted of former slaves in which they faced many enemies. Mulattoes promised high pay, joined French planters against the rebels. France, Spain, and Britain each sent armies to Haiti. The fighting took more lives than any other revolution in the Americas.
B. Toussaint set about rebuilding the country, which had been destroyed by long years of war. By offering generous terms, he won the support of French planters. He set out to improve agriculture, expand trade, and give Haiti a constitution.
C. In 1804 Haitians declared independence but with yellow fever storming the people it was hard to fight. But in 1820 Haiti became a republic in which it was the only nonslave nation in the western hemisphere.
13. A Call to freedom in Mexico
A. Father Hidalgo�s speech became known as �el Grito de Dolares� which became the cry of Dolores in which it called on the people of Mexico to fight for � independence and liberty� poor Mexicans rallied to father Hidalgo in which eh comprised a ragged army of poor mestizos and native Americans marched to the outskirts of Mexico City.
B. Father Juan Morales was a mestizo who called for wide- ranging reform. He wanted to improve the living conditions for the majority of Mexico, abolish slavery and give the right to vote to all men.
C. Although Mexico was free of Spanish rule the lives of most people changed little. Military leaders dominated the government and ruled by force of arms. The next 100 years would see the struggles to improve conditions for Mexicans. These struggles would be even more complicated by the intervention of foreign powers, including the United States.
14. New Republic in Central America
A. Spanish- ruled lands in Central America declared independence in the early 1820s.
B. Iturbide tried to add these areas to his Mexican empire. After his overthrow local leaders set up a republic called the United Provinces of Central America.
C. The Union fragmented into the separate republics of Guatemala, Nicaragua, Honduras, El Salvador, and Costa Rica.
15. Revolutions in South America
A. Tupac Amaru demanded that the government end brutal system of forced Indian labor in which the Spanish rejected that demand for reforms. He organized a revolt in 1780 in which his people were crushed by a huge army.
B. Bolivar�s first win was taking Bogota from the Spanish and then other victories earned him the name �The Liberator�. He took the lands of Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia and joined forces with another great South American leader, Jose de San Martin.
C. San martin led an army across the Andes from Argentina into Chile in which eh defeated the Spanish in Chile moving into Peru to strike further blows against colonial rule.
16. Independence for Brazil
A. When Napoleon�s armies conquered Portugal, the Portuguese royal family fled to brazil and while the king stayed in Brazil he introduced many reforms one being free trade.
B. The king left his son Dom Pedro to rule Brazil. �If Brazil demands independence, proclaim it yourself and the crown on your own head� the king said.
C. Pedro became the emperor of an independent Brazil and eh accepted a constitution that provided for freedom of the press and religion as well as an elected legislature. And in 1889 Brazil became a republic after social and political turmoil.