Mr. Haskell
World History
6 December 2004
Chapter 20 Outline
I. Dawn of the Industrial Age
A. A turning point in history
1. The Industrial Revolution made the rural way of life disappear for growing numbers of people and by the 1850�s many country villages had grown into industrial towns and cities.
2. Inhabitants brought food and clothing in stores that offered a large variety of machine- made goods in which they worked indoors behind a counter desk or factory machine
3. Travelers could move more rapidly by train or steamship and urgent messages would fly through telegraph wires. The Bunsen burner, sewing machine and light was measured between 1840 and 1855.
B. A new agricultural revolution
1. Enclosure was the process of taking over and fencing off land formerly shared by peasant farmers. As millions of acres were enclosed farm output rose, larger fields needed fewer workers to work which meant profits rose.
2. The Dutch were major contributors to this second agricultural revolution and used such new technologies as dikes to reclaim land from the sea. They combined smaller fields into larger fields to make better use of the land and used fertilizer from livestock to renew the soil.
3. Other farmers mixed different soils to get higher crop yields, invented devices such as the seed drill, and bred stronger horses and fatter cattle to get better results in the area of farming during this revolution.
C. The population explosion
1. There was a huge population boom during this time, but it was due more declining death rates than to rising birth rates. Britain�s population soared from about 5 million in1700 to almost 9 million in 1800.
2. The agricultural revolution reduced the risk of famine which meant people were eating better and because women were eating better women were healthier and had stronger babies.
3. In the 1800�s better hygiene and sanitation along with improved medical care further slowed deaths from disease. Such diseases such as the black plague had soon faded away.
D. An energy revolution
1. From the beginning of human history the energy for work was provided mostly by the muscles of the humans and animals. Water mills and windmills were added to muscle power.
2. Giant water wheels powered machines in the first factories. Coal led to the development of the steam engine in 1712 and used it to pump water out of mines.
3. In 1712, inventor Thomas Newcomen had developed a steam engine powered by coal to pump water out of mines. In 1768 James Watt improved the engine that had been developed and used it to power his steam engines.
II. Britain leads the way
A. Why Britain?
1. Britain had large supplies of coal and iron to build more machines and power steam engines. It also had plentiful amounts of iron to build new machines.
2. A large number of workers were available to build factories, mine the coal and iron, and run machines, especially after the population boom. The agricultural revolution of the 1600s and 1700s freed many men and women in Britain from farm labor.
3. Britain had many ready mechanics that quickly helped in developing and inventing new things to help people work more efficiently. In the 1700s trade from a growing overseas empire helped the British economy prosper. The business class accumulated capital to invest in enterprises such as mines, railroads, and factories. Britain also built a strong navy to protect its empire and overseas trade.
B. The age of iron and coal
1. Britain turned to iron and coal for many reasons. One of these reasons included the fact that they had used the majority of the wood in the past for the same objects that they could now produce with iron and coal.
2. Iron was needed for machines and steam engines. Producing high quality iron required large quantities of fuel which in the past had usually been wood.
3. The Darby family of Coalbrookdale were leaders in developing Britain�s iron industry, Abraham Darby began to use coal instead of wood for smelting iron and eh found a way to remove the impurities of coal.
C. Revolutionary changes in the textile industry
1. Cotton from such countries as India became increasingly important, so inventors came up with a string of remarkable devices that revolutionized the textile industry in Britain.
2. In 1764 James Hargreaves solved the problem of workers working too fast that they soon outpaced spinner by creating the spinning jenny which could spin many threads at the same time.
3. The water frame was developed soon after by Richard Awkright, and it used waterpower to speed the pace of the spinning further. The machines were too big to be a household items so at first factories would put them in shed near streams so the water could be sued to power them. Later they were powered by steam engines.
D. Revolution of transportation
1. Some capitalists invested in turnpikes which were privately built roads that charged a fee to travelers who used them and others had canals dug to Link Rivers or connect inland towns to coastal ports.
2. The steam locomotive was the invention that made possible for the growth of railroads. In the early 1800s prisoners developed steam-powered locomotives to pull carriages along rails. By 1870 rail lines crisscrossed Britain, Europe and eastern North America.
3. Scottish builders made the first paddle wheel steamboats to pull barges along canals. The coal needed for the voyage took up much of the cargo space for a steamboat but by the 1800s steam powered freighters with iron hulls were carrying 10 to 20 times the cargo of older wooden ships.
E. Looking ahead
1. Inventors developed many machines that could mass-produce goods more efficiently
2. As the supply of goods increased, however, the prices fell, lower prices of goods were more affordable and created more consumers who fed the demand for goods (supply and demand)
3. The Industrial Revolution did more than change the way goods were made. It affected people�s whole way of life and in the 1800s a tidal wave of economic and social changes swept the industrializing nations of the world.
III. Hardships of early industrial life
A. The new industrial city
1. The industrial revolution brought urbanization or a movement of people to cities. Changes in farming, soaring population growth and an ever- increasing demand for workers led masses of people to migrate from farms to cities. Small towns around coal or iron mines mushroomed into cities.
2. The market of Manchester numbered 17,000 in the 1750s and within a few years it exploded into a center of textile industries and its population soared to 70,000 by 1801. Visitors described Manchester with quotes such as �cloud of coal vapor� and �filled with waste dye- stuffs�
3. The wealthy and the middle class lived in pleasant neighborhoods and poor people struggled to survive in foul- smelling slums where they were packed into tiny rooms in tenement buildings.
B. The factory system
1. Working hours were long in which shifts lasted from 12 to 16 hours and weary workers suffered from accidents from machines that had no safety devices. Coal dust would destroy the lungs of miners while textile workers constantly breathed in air filled with lint.
2. Women were thought to be able to adapt more easily to machines and were easier to manage than men back then. Women also were paid less than men even if they did the same of more work than men.
3. Employers often hired orphans to work for them in which the orphans would work long hours for a minimum of food. A few enlightened factory did provide basic education and a decent life for child workers.
C. Patience Kershaw�s life underground
1. The horrors of child labor in Britain were finally exposed in the 1830�s and 40�s when British lawmakers looked into abuses in factories and mines. Some children died and other had stunted growth or twisted limbs and most remained uneducated.
2. Patience Kershaw was one of many who had to work long, hard hours underground in the coalmines. Her job was hurrying or pushing carts of coals to the surface of the mine and sometimes she would have swelled up legs form standing in the cold.
3. Due to the real life testaments given by such people as Patience Kershaw, Britain made laws to regulate the employment of children in mines and factories.
D. The working class
1. Many of the original skilled weavers and other skilled artisans resisted the new machines that were putting them out of a job. They rioted and burned factories and machines in their rage against the new revolution.
2. Such rioters became known as Luddites and were hung or sent to penal colonies in Australia for punishment. When workers held a rally in Manchester in 1819, soldiers charged the crowd, killing a dozen and injuring hundreds more.
3. Methodist meetings were held and preached salvation among the poor, which helped channel workers� anger away from revolution and toward social reform.
E. The new middle class
1. Middle class families lived in solid, well furnished homes in which they dressed well and ate large meals. Middle class men made their influence felt in Parliament where they opposed any effort to regulate factories or legalize labor unions.
2. The middle class that rose up came from many inventors and skilled artisans who came up with new technologies and sold their ideas. Others were merchants who invested their profits in factories. Some rose from �rags to riches� which was a pattern that the age greatly admired.
3. Middle class women were encouraged to become ladylike and they fulfilled this by taking on activities such as drawing, embroidery, or playing that piano and did not work outside.
F. Benefits and problems
1. Many reformers pressed for laws to improve working conditions, and unions won the right to bargain with employers for better wages and hours.
2. The Industrial revolution did bring material benefits because as demand for mass produced goods grew, new factories opened, which created new jobs.
3. More opportunities increased for people as there was more money to be earned and the cost of railroad travel fell so that they could visit their families.
IV. New ways of thinking
A. Laissez-faire economics
1. Laissez-faire is a form of �hands-off� government where natural laws should be allowed to operate without government interference
2. Adam Smith believed that a free market would help everyone, not just the rich. He believed that it would produce more goods at lower prices, which would then be available to everyone.
3. Some supporters of the laissez-faire form of government believed that the best cure for poverty was not government relief but the unrestricted laws of the free market where individuals should be left to improve their lot through thrift, hard work, and limiting the size of their family instead of receiving free help from the government and falling back on their ways once the help is gone
B. The Utilitarians
1. Utilitarianism was the idea that the goal of a society should be the greatest happiness for the greatest number of citizens
2. Utilitarians promoted government intervention instead of laissez-faire. Jeremy Benthem preached Utiliarianism and the goal of the society should be �the greatest happiness for the greatest number� of its citizens
3. Many of these utilitarians strongly supported individual freedom, but they also believed that government intervention was needed under certain circumstances
C. Emergence of socialism
1. Under socialism, the people as a whole rather than private individuals would own and operate the �means of production,� including farms, factories, railways, and other large businesses that produced and distributed goods
2. The basis of socialism grew out of the Enlightenment era and the belief in the basic goodness of human nature and social justice
3. With no difference between rich and poor, and all the work being shared among the community, reformers believed that there would be no more fighting or war among people
D. The �scientific socialism� of Karl Marx
1. Karl Marx was a German philosopher who condemned the ideas of the Utopians as unrealistic and put forth his own theory, which he claimed, was based on scientific study of history
2. The working class were the proletariat or the �have nots� Marx said the �haves were the bourgeoisie or the middle class. According to Marx the modern class struggled pitted the bourgeoisie against the proletariat.
3. Under communism, the proletariat or working class will eventually rise up and take over the bourgeoisie