Mr. Haskell
World History
25 October 2004
Chapter 14 Outline
1. What was the Renaissance?
A. The renaissance was a time of creativity and change in areas such as political, social, economic and cultural and a reawakening in the interest in classical learning especially of Ancient Rome
B. Renaissance thinkers were eager to explore the richness and variety of human experience in the here and now
C. There was a new emphasis on individual achievement and idealistic person was the person with talent in many fields
2. Italian Beginnings
A. Italy differed from the rest of Europe for one reason because Italy�s cities survived the Middle Ages. The Italian renaissance stressed education and individual achievements and also supported arts.
B. The city of Florence stood out form other cities and came to symbolize the Italian renaissance, the city produced gifted poets, artists, architects, scholars and scientists
C. The Medici family prospered in the 1400�s and Cosimo de Medici gained control of the Florentine government in 1434. Patron- Financial supporter.
3. Humanism
A. Humanism focused on worldly subjects rather than on the religious issues that had occupied medieval thinkers.
B. Humanists believed that education should stimulate the individual�s creative powers. Main areas of study were grammar, rhetoric, poetry, and history that they studied from the Greeks.
C. Francesco Petrarch assembled a library of Greek and roman manuscripts and he also wrote literature, he wrote Sonnets to Laura which greatly influenced other writers of his time
4. A Golden Age in the Arts
A. Renaissance artists portrayed religious figures such as Mary, Jesus, and the saints, the artwork would reflect humanist concerns. Renaissance artists used shading, and perspective to make humans and landscapes look more realistic.
B. Leonardo da Vinci�s most popular painting is the Mona Lisa. Leonardo made sketches of nature and of models in his studios and also he dissected corpses to learn how bones and muscles work. His interests extended to botany, anatomy, optics, music architecture and engineering. Another famous artist was Michelangelo was sculptor, engineer, painter, architect and poet and finally the last person is Raphael who�s paintings blend Christian and classical styles. He is best known for his portrayals of the Madonna who was the mother of Christ.
C. Architects during the renaissance period adopted columns, arches, and domes from the Greeks and Romans. The cathedral in Florence was modeled after the Parthenon in Rome and the architect of the cathedral was Filippo Brunelleschi.
5. Writings for the New Age
A. The Book of the Courtier by Baldassare Casiglione was the most widely read book of the renaissance time. In the book the author�s ideal courtier was a well-mannered, well- educated aristocrat who has mastered many fields from poetry to music to sports.
B. The ideal man is athletic but not overactive, he is good at games but not a gambler, and he plays an instrument and knows literature and history but is not arrogant. The ideal woman is graceful and kind, lively but reserved; she is pure but not prudish.
C. Niccolo Machiavelli wrote the Prince where he combined his personal experience of politics with his knowledge of the past to offer a guide to rulers on how to gain and maintain power.
6. Artists of the Northern Renaissance
A. Alvrecht Durer helped spread Italian renaissance ideas to his homeland because of his travels to Italy in 1494 where he gathered different techniques and methods that artists used in Italy.
B. Durer was sometimes called the German Leonardo because of his keen and inquiring mind and his wide ranging interests that�s extended far beyond art.
C. There were many talented artists of Flanders in the 1400�s, Jan and Hubert van Eyck had portrayals of townspeople as well as their religious scenes, they also developed oil paint. A leading Flemish artist of the 1500s was Pieter Bruegel who used vibrant colors to portray lively scenes of peasant life and influenced later Flemish artists. In the 1600s Peter Paul Rubens blended the realistic traditions of Flemish painting with the classical themes and artistic freedom of the Italian renaissance.
7. Northern Humanists
A. Northern humanist scholars stressed education and a revival of classical learning but also emphasized religious themes.
B. Desiderius Erasmus used his knowledge of classical languages to produce a new Greek edition of the New testament and a much improved Latin translation of the same text. In his best known work, The Praise of Folly, he uses humor to expose the ignorant and immoral behavior of many people of his day which included the clergy.
C. Sir Thomas More made Utopia in which he describes an ideal society where men and women live in peace and harmony, everyone is educated and justice is used to end crime rather than to eliminate the criminal. He was put to death after not supporting King Henry VIII against the Pope
8. Literature of the Northern Renaissance
A. Francois Rabelais had a varied career as a monk, physician, Greek soldier and author. In the novel Gargantua and Pantagruel Rabelais uses his characters to offer opinions on a wide variety of serious subjects, such as education and religion.
B. William Shakespeare wrote 37 plays that are still performed around the world. Shakespeare wrote plays such as A Midsummer Night�s dream, Richard III, Romeo and Juliet, Othello and Macbeth. Over 1,700 words that we use today appeared first in Shakespeare�s works such as bedroom, lonely, generous, gloomy, heartsick, hurry and sneak.
C. Miguel de Cervantes, a Spaniard in the 1600s, wrote Don Quixote which is an entertaining tale that mocks romantic notions of medieval chivalry.
9. The Printing Revolution
A. Johann Gutenberg of Mainz, Germany printed a complete edition of the Bible using a movable metal type in 1456. With the Gutenberg Bible the European age of printing had begun
B. Printing Presses sprang up in Italy, Germany, the Netherlands, and England and by 1500 they had turned out more than 20 million volumes and in the next century between 150 and 200 million books went into circulation.
C. More people learned to read and write because books were more readily available and people had a wider range of knowledge because presses produced books on medicine, law, astrology mining and geography. Europeans were exposed to new ideas and their horizons were greatly expanded because of printed books.
10. Abuses in the Church
A. Leo X who is the son of Lorenzo the Magnificent, was elected pope and exclaimed �God has given us the papacy- let us enjoy it!�
B. Popes were patrons of art just like wealthy merchants; they hired painters and sculptors to beautify churches and spent vast sums to rebuild the cathedral of St. Peter�s at Rome. To finance these art projects the church increased fees for religious services like marriages and baptisms.
C. The also sold indulgences which were a pardon for sins committed during a person�s lifetime. An indulgence could be obtained in exchange for a money gift rather than doing a good deed like it sued to be. Christian Humanists urged a return to the simple ways of the early Christian Church stressing bible study, exposed Church abuses and rejected Church pomp and ceremony.
11. Luther�s Protest
A. In 1517 Johann Tetzel received the approval of the pope and sold indulgences to any Christian who contributed money for the cathedral of St. Peter in Rome. He claimed that the purchase of the indulgence would assure a spot in heaven for not just the person but for the dead relatives. To counter this act Martin Luther made the 95 Theses which argued against indulgences and he posted the list on the door of Wittenberg�s All Saint Church
B. Luther would not recant or give up his views and instead went harder against the Church until in 1521 he was excommunicated by the Pope and later was summoned to the diet or assembly of German princes, at Worms. It was a crime for anyone in the empire to give Luther food or shelter. But Luther had many supporters including Prince Frederick of Saxony who hid him in a castle for nearly a year.
C. Luther called for other practices of the church to be modified, he rejected five of the seven sacraments because the Bible did not mention them. He banned indulgences, confession, pilgrimages and prayers to saints. He abolished the ritual of the Catholic mass and instead emphasized the sermon.
12. Spread of Lutheran Ideas
A. Many of the clergy saw Luther�s reforms as the answer to corruption in the Roman Catholic Church. German princes saw Lutheranism as a way to throw off the rule of both the church and the Holy Roman emperor and others wanted to seize Church property. Others were tired of seeing German money used to build Roman churches or line the pockets of Italian churchmen.
B. In 1524 a peasant revolt erupted across Germany, demanding an end to serfdom and changes in their lives. Between seventy thousand and one hundred thousand people were killed and fifty thousand were left homeless because of the revolt.
C. Charles V and the princes reached a settlement which is called the Peace of Augsburg which allowed each prince to decide which religion- Catholic or Lutheran- would be followed in his lands. Northern states chose Lutheranism and southern states remained Catholic
13. John Calvin
A. John Calvin published the Institutes of the Christian Religion in which he set forth his religious beliefs and provided advice on how to organize and run a Protestant church. Calvin preached predestination which is the idea that God had long ago determined who would gain salvation. There were two kinds of people saints and sinners.
B. In 1541 Calvin was appointed to lead the city-state Geneva in Switzerland and Calvin accepted and then setting up a theocracy which is a government run by Chruch leaders. He believed that girls and boys should receive education. He allowed girls to sing in church that decision came with some criticism.
C. By the late 1500s Calvinism had spread to Germany, France, the Netherlands, England, and Scotland. In each of these countries there were disputes and wars between Catholics or Lutherans about religious beliefs.
14. Radical Reformers
A. As reformation continued hundreds of new protestant sects sprang up with each having ideas that were more radical than that of Luther and Calvin. Their argument againt baptism was that infants were to young to accept the sacrament of God and that adults should be the only ones to be baptized.
B. Anabaptists was the name that was given to the reformers and they called for the ablition of private property and others wanted to speed up the coming of God�s judgement day by violent means if necessary.
C. Most of the Anabaptists were peaceful men and women and these groups influenced protestant thinking in many countries. Quakers, Baptists, Mennonites and Amish all trace their ancestry back to the Anabaptists
15. The English Reformation
A. Henry VIII was named �Defender of the Faith� by the Pope because of his opposal to the protestant reformation. Henry wanted the Pope to cancel his marriage or annul so that he can have a boy because he only had one girl and he knew that the kingdom and his family needed him to have a boy for future years.
B. The pope refused King Henrys VIII request because he did not want to offend Charles V and in response King Henry VIII said eh would stir up English feeling about the pope and second he would take over the English church. Through parliament King Henry VIII took control of the Church.
C. Henry shut down all convents and monasteries in England and seized their lands, and also gave wealth to aristocrats and others in high standing to secure their support for the Anglican Church.
16. Elizabeth I Restores Unity to England
A. Suspicious of a plan against her Mary arrested and imprisoned Elizabeth in the tower of London for two months and finally they decided to take Elizabeth to Woodstock. On the four day long journey Elizabeth was greeted and praised by many followers who heard about her.
B. Elizabeth was at Woodstock for nearly a year without paper, pen, or ink and also only receiving books that had been examined by the people in London. Elizabeth became queen when Mary died in 1558.
C. Under Elizabeth English replaced Latin as the language of the Anglican Church and the Book of Common Prayer was restored although it was revised to make it more acceptable to Catholics. Elizabeth firmly established England as a protestant nation and during her throne England escaped religious wars.
17. The Catholic Reformation
A. The direction of the reform was helped by the Council of Trent that met on and off for 20 years and reaffirmed traditional Catholic views, which Protestants had challenged. The council provided stiff penalties for worldliness and corruption and also it established new schools.
B. Pope Paul strengthened the inquisition to deal with protestant threat in which the inquisition used secret testimony, torture, and execution to move out heresy and it also made the Index of Forbidden Books which is a list of works considered too immoral or irreligious for Catholics to read. Ignatius of Loyola founded the Society of Jesus or Jesuits. During recovery form an injury Ignatius drew up a program that included spiritual and moral discipline, rigorous religious training and absolute obedience to the Church.
C. Teresa of Avila organized a convent routine that meant that nuns would live in isolation, eating, and sleeping very little and dedicating their lives to prayer and meditation. When Teresa died the Church made her a saint and her mystical writings rank among the most important Christian texts of her time.
18. Widespread Persecution
A. Witch hunting craze between 1450 and 1750 killed many hundreds of thousands of men and women accused of being witches or agents of the devil. Typically people accused of witchcraft were beggars, poor widows, midwives blamed for infant deaths or herbalists whose potions and cures were seen as gifts form the devil
B. Spain expelled Jews in 1492 but Italy allowed Jews to remain and to enjoy economic and cultural well-being. Jews were goldsmiths, artists, traders, moneylenders and others expanded into law, government and business and some highly educated Jews served as advisors to high rulers.
C. During the reformation the restrictions on Jews increased, some German Princes expelled Jews from their lands and all German states confined Jews to ghettos or required them to wear a yellow badge if they traveled outside of the ghetto. Many Jews migrated to Poland- Lithuania and parts of the Ottoman Empire where they were allowed to prosper because of the restriction put n by Pope Paul IV and Charles V.
19. Looking Ahead
A. Wars were sparked in the mid �1600s because of religious upheavals.
B. Issues of religion started to become lesser of an issue and gave way to issues of national power
C. Catholic and protestant rulers of the mid-1600s often made decisions based on political interest rather than for purely religious reasons.
20. Changing Views of the World
A. Nicolaus Copernicus published On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres where he proposed a heliocentric model of the universe and said that sun stood at the center of the universe and also said that earth was just one of many planets that revolve around the sun. Copernicus� theory was supported when Tcho brahe set up an astronomical observatory where he gathered data on the earth�s movement that helped support Copernicus� theory.
B. Galileo Galilee assembled a telescope and became the first person to see the mountains on the moon and sunspots and he also observed the four moons of Jupiter moving slowly around the planet. Galilee was brought forth in front of the inquisition and faced death unless he said that the earth lay motionless and he said that the earth lay motionless to save his life thought he knew that it didn�t.
C. A new approach to science emerged in the early 1600s that started with observations and experimentations and complex mathematical calculations were used to convert observations and experiments into scientific laws and in time this became known as the scientific method.
21. Newton Ties It All Together
A. Isaac Newton at the age of 24 devised a brilliant theory to explain why the planets moved as they did. His theory came form an apple falling from a tree which led him to experimentation.
B. For 20 years Newton perfected his theory and using mathematics� he showed that a single force keeps the planets in their orbits around the sun and called this force gravity.
C. Newton later published Mathematical Principles of National Philosophy that explained the law of gravity and other workings of the universe and stated that all motion in the universe can be measured and described mathematically.
22. More Scientific Advances
A. In the 1500s and 1600s areas other than astronomy were changing and the two most important that were changing were in the fields of medicine and chemistry
B. In the 1600s Roberts Boyle distinguished between individual elements and chemical compounds and also explained the effect of temperature and pressure on gases
C. In 1543 Andreas Vesalius published On the Structure of the human Body which was the first accurate and detailed study in human anatomy. Ambroise pare developed a new and more effective ointment for preventing infection and also developed a technique for closing wounds with stitches. The circulation of blood was described for the first time by William Harvey in the early 1600�s
23. Bacon and Descartes
A. Two contributing members to the scientific method revolution was Francis Bacon and Ren� Descartes in which each devoted themselves to the problem of knowledge.
B. Both argued that truth is not known at the beginning of inquiry but at the end after a long process called investigation also they rejected Aristotle�s scientific assumptions and also challenged scholarly traditions of the medieval universities.
C. Bacon stressed experiment and observation and Descartes emphasized human reasoning as the best road to understanding