Mr. Haskell
World History
26 October 2004
Chapter 14 Section 4 and 5 Review
Section 4-
Anabaptists- Anabaptists argued that infants are too young to understand what it means to accept the Christian faith. Only adults they felt should receive the sacrament of Baptism. These groups also called for the abolition of private property and speeding up of God�s Day of Judgment.
Henry VIII- Took the English Church from the Pope�s control after the Pope did not cancel his marriage. He also shut down all convents and monasteries in England and seized their lands and gave wealth to aristocrats and other high ranking officials.
Mart Tudor- Inherited the throne from Edward and six months after inheriting the throne she arrested and imprisoned Elizabeth in the tower of London. She was determined to make England Catholic again.
Book of Common Prayer- This book was restored under the rule of Elizabeth. The book was revised to make it more acceptable to Catholics.
Elizabeth I-Was arrested and imprisoned by Mary Tudor in a tower in England and then made a four day journey to Woodstock where she received compliments from people who heard about her imprisonment. She stayed at Woodstock for nearly a year without paper, ink or pen and after Mary died she was made queen. She replaced English with Latin as the language of the Anglican Church and restore the Book of Common Prayer.
Catholic Reformation- The leader of the reformation was Pope Paul III where he set out to revive the moral authority of the church and roll back the Protestant tie. He appointed reformers to key posts to end corruption within papacy itself.
Council of Trent- This council reaffirmed traditional Catholic views in which Protestants had challenged. The council also provided stiff penalties for worldliness and corruption among the clergy and it also established new schools to create a better educated clergy.
Inquisition- Was a Church court set up to root out heresies during the Middle Ages and was strengthened by Pope Paul to deal with Protestant threat more directly. They used secret testimony, torture, and execution to move out heresy. It also prepared the Index of Forbidden Words.
Jesuits- Founded by Ignatius of Loyola and their order was determined to combat heresy and spread the Catholic Faith. Jesuits had a strict program that included spiritual and moral discipline, rigorous religious training and absolute obedience to the Church.
St. Teresa of Avila- She set up her own order of Carmelite nuns, in which they lived in isolation, eating and sleeping very little and dedicating themselves to prayer and meditation. When she died the Church made her a saint for the work she did.
Section 5-
Nicolaus Copernicus- Published On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres where he proposed a heliocentric or sun centered, model of the universe. He went on to say that the earth was just one of several planets that revolve around the sun.
Tycho Brahe- Provided evidence that supported Copernicus� theory. He set up an astronomical observatory where every night for years he carefully observe the sky accumulating data about the movement of the heavenly bodies.
Johannes Kepler- Used Brahe�s data to calculate the orbits of the planets revolving around the sun. His calculations showed that planets did not move in perfect circles but in another kind of orbit called an ellipse.
Galileo Galilei- Used technology developed by a Dutch lens grinder to assemble an astronomical telescope. He became the first person to see the mountains on the moon and sunspots and he also observed the four moons of Jupiter.
Andreas Vesalius- Published On the Structure of the Human Body which was the first accurate and detailed study of the human anatomy. His careful and clear drawings corrected errors inherited from ancient classical authorities.
William Harvey- Described the circulation of blood for the first time in the early 1600�s. He showed how the heart serves as a pump to force blood through veins and arteries.
Rene Descartes- Emphasized human reasoning as the best road to understanding. He rejected Aristotle�s assumptions, challenged the scholarly traditions of the medieval universities and also argued that truth is not known at the beginning of inquiry but at the end of a process called investigation.