Some of these technologies are highly sensitive politically and without proper regulation can threaten or undermine many of the human rights enshrined in international law, such as the rights of assembly, privacy, due process, freedom of political and cultural expression and protection from torture, arbitrary arrest, cruel and inhumane punishments and extra-judicial execution.

Proper oversight of developments in political control technologies is further complicated by the phenomena of 'bureaucratic capture' where senior officials control their ministers rather than the other way round. Politicians both at European and sovereign state level, whom citizens of the community have presumed will be monitoring any excesses or abuse of this technology on their behalf, are sometimes systematically denied the information they require to do that job.

some aspects of new anti-personell weapons

Following immense public outcry, Congress forbade further
research and demanded that these projects be terminated across
the board. But as Victor Marchetti, a former CIA agent later
revealed, the programmes merely became more secret and built-in a
high element of "deniability."[21]

(*
footnote:
In an interview with John Marks. CIA veteran Miles
Copeland admitted to a journalist prior to his death
that "The congressional subcommittees which went into
this sort of thing got only the barest glimpse."
Likewise, hypnosis expert Milton Kline, a veteran of
covert experimentation in this field confirmed in
1977, that his work for the government continued.
*)

Walter Bowart, Operational Mind Control (pages of excerpts)

A necessary condition for such an influence is the existence in the organism of the biological counterpart of an electrically tuned circuit – i.e. an endogenous oscillatory electrical activity. In this case the organism will respond - in a way akin to a radio - if the frequency of the external field either of the carrier wave, or of lower frequency amplitude modulations/ pulsings) matches or is lose to that of its tuned circuit. This could result in either an undesirably high resonant amplification of, or damaging interference with, the associated endogenous biological activity. These influences can be considered to arise from a transfer of information (in a generalised sense) from the field to a living organism, in that the organism is able, through this kind of ‘oscillatory similitude’, to recognise – and in turn respond to – a feature of the external field other than its intensity.

......................................... behavior influence capabilities:

Military Review (official publication of the U.S. Army
Command and General Staff College), "The New Mental
Battlefield", Lt. Col. John B. Alexander, U.S. Army,
Ph.D.

"Researchers suggest that certain
low-frequency (ELF) emissions possess psychoactive
characteristics. These transmissions can be used to
induce depression or irritability in a target
population.

Defense Electronics, July 1993, "DOD, Intel Agencies
Look at Russian Mind Control Technology, Claims FBI
considered Testing on Koresh", by Mark Tapscott,

Igor Smirnov of
the Moscow Medical Academy, FBI officials were briefed
on the Russian’s decade-long research on a
computerized acoustic device allegedly capable of
implanting thoughts in a person’s mind without that
person being aware of the source of the thought.

Guyatts article

and a sense of panic in non-panic
situations.

In addition to the methods of damaging or killing people with EMR, there are several ways of controlling their behavior. Ross Adey and his colleagues have shown that microwaves modulate in various ways can force specific electiral patterns upon parts of the brain. Working with cats they found that brain waves appearing with conditioned responses could be slectively enhanced by shaping the microwaves with a rhythmic variation in amplitude (height) corresponding to EEG frequencies. For example, a 3-herts modulation decreased 10-hertz alpha waves in one part of the animal's brain and reinforced 14-hertz beta waves in another location.

Some radar can find a fly a kilometer away or tarck a human at twenty-five miles, and several reseqarchers have suggested that focused EMR beams of such accuracy could bend the mind much like electrical sitimulation of the brain (ESB) through wires. We know of ESB's potential for mind control largely through the work of Jose Delggado. One signal provked a cat to lick its fur, then continue compulsively licking the floor and bars of its cange. A signal designed to stimulate a portion of a monkey's thalamus, a major midbrain center for integrating muscle movements, triggered a complex action: Tghe monkey walked to one side of the cage, then the other, then climbed to the rear ceiling, then back down. The animal performed this same activity as many times as it was stimulated with the signal, up to sixty times an hour, but not blindly--the creature still was able to avoid obstacles and threats from the dominant male while carrying out the electrical imperative. Another type of signal has made monkeys turn their heads, or simle, no matter what else they were doing, up to twenty thousand times in two weeks. As Delgado concluded, "The animals looked li ke electronic toys."

Even instincts and emotions can be changed: In one test a mother giving continuous care to here baby suddenly pushed the infant away whenever the signal was given. Approach-avoidance conditioning can be achieved for any action simply by stimulating the pleasure and pain centers in an animal's or person's limbic system.

Eventual monitoring of evoked potentials from the EEG, combined with radio-frequency and microwave broadcastas designed to produce specific thoughts or moods, such as compliance and complacency, promises a method of mind control that poses immense danger to all socities--tyranny without terror.

Hypnotists often use a strobe light flashing at alpha-wave fequencies to ease the glide into trance. . it seems for over thirty years the Communist bloc nations have been using an ELF wave form to do the same thing undetctably and perhaps more effectively. Ross Adey recently lost most of his governmnet granst and has become a bit more loquaciouis about the military and intelligence usees of EMR. In 1983 he organized a public metting at the Loma Linda VA hospital and released photso and information concerning a Russian Lida machine. This was a small transmitter that emitte 10-hertz waves for tranquilization and hnhancement of suggestibility. The most interesting part whs that the box had an ancient vacuum-tube desgin, and a man who'd been a POW in Korea reporte that similar devices had been used there during interrogation.

American interest in the hypnosis-EMR interaction was still strong as of 1974, when a resarch plan was filed to develop useful techniques in human volunteers. The experimenter, J.F. Schapitz, stated: "In this investigation it will be shown that the poken word of the hypnotist may also be conveyed by modulated electromagnetic energy directly into the subconscious parst of the human brain--i.e., without employing any technical device for receiving or transcoding the messages and without the person exposed to such influcnece haveing a chance to co ntrol the information input consciously." As a prelimnatry test of the general concept, Schapitz proposed recording the brain waves induced by specific drugs, then modulcatingg them onto a microwave beam and feeding them back into an undrugged person's brain to see if the same state of consciousness could be produced by the beam alone.

How many of the MER weapons possiblitiies ahave hactually ben developed and/or issued? Those not privy to classified information have no way of knowing. There are plenty of rumors. Boris Spassky claimed he'd lose the world chess championship to Bobby Fischer because he was being bombarded with confusion rays. I recall hearing about one secret American experiment in which a scientist was supposedly set up with invitations to three converences to give the same presentation each time. The first one went fine, but at the last two he was irradiated with the ELF waves, reportedly to induce Adey's calcium efflux, and he became confused and ineffective.

International Review of the Red Cross 279, 1, Nov.
1990 entitled 'The Development of New Antipersonnel
Weapons by Louise Doswald-Beck and Gerald C. Cauderay.
" Directed Energy Weapons

page 39

page 162

C.5 Acoustic non-lethal weapons

Non-lethal acoustic weapons have been discussed at gereat length in the literature as having the potential for being able to change behavior. The gross effects often described as effectors are pain, presence of irritating/aggravating noise, or the production of uncomfortable internal organ conditions. Several acoustic technologies fit under the label of non-lethal, but might be more approriately considered in the realm of psychological tools or communication technologies, depending on the use to which they are put. Although repeated attempts have been made to develop high-intensity sound generators capable of eliciting desired results, a consistent set of reliable data, demonstrating aversive effects while not producing deafness, has not been forthcoming.

A technology of this type, useful for the same kind of applications, is that derived by sending two separate ultrasonic signals that are above the human hearing range of about 20 kiloherty (kHy). These two signals can be aimed at an individual or reflecting surface to constructively mix and produce normal audible signals, such as voice and music. Two commerical companies offer systems that could be evaluated for operational effectiveness.

LINKS TO BLACK MAGIC & CIA
Book Review and Clippings
(Eight pages)

By Judith, [email protected], 1998
________________________________________

Thomas, Gordon. 1989. *Journey Into Madness, The True Story of Secret
Mind Control and Medical Abuse.* NY: Bantam Books. 388 p.

Newsweek has learned that the FBI considered and rejected exotic nonlethal technologies for use against David Koresh and his followers. Sources tell Newsweek that the FBI consulted Moscow experts on the possible use of a Soviet technique for beaming subliminal messages to Koresh. The technique uses inaudible transmissions that could have convinced Koresh he was hearing the voice of God inside his head.

None of this was used, of course, and in he aftermath of the tradgedy, Attorney General Janet Reno asked the Pentagon and the CIA to join her department in a search for nonleathal technologies that could be used by both the military and civilian law enforcement. "The problem is not a shortage of promising technologies," says David Boyd, director of science and technology at the National Institute of Justice. "My sense is that a lot of what's in the labs could be fielded pretty quickly and cheaply."

New York Times
March 23, 2003,
Sunday MAGAZINE DESK
By Marshall Sella (NYT)

''Watch that lady over there,'' he says, unable to conceal his boyish pride for the gadget in his giant hand. ''This is really cool.'' Woody Norris aims the silvery plate at his quarry. A burly brunette 200 feet away stops dead in her tracks and peers around, befuddled. She has walked straight into the noise of a Brazilian rain forest -- then out again. Even in her shopping reverie, here among the haircutters and storefront tax-preparers and dubious Middle Eastern bistros, her senses inform her that she has just stepped through a discrete column of sound, a sharply demarcated beam of unexpected sound. ''Look at that,'' Norris mutters, chuckling as the lady turns around. ''She doesn't know what hit her.''

When current is discharged into the
brain, the patient reacts. He may be induced to sleep or to work
happily. In many cases the patient forgets that he is being artificially
stimulated. At any rate he never feels that he is doing something against
his own will. Stimulated to make a specific motor action, he 'feels' that
he himself created the stimulation.

the so-called 'pleasure centres'
of the brain can be wired in such a way that one can create,
with the mere push of a button, an almost orgasmic state of euphoria
or cause the individual to hallucinate as vividly as if on LSD

In Dr Delgado's experiments animals were
induced to 'move the legs, raise or lower the body, open or close the
mouth, walk or lie still, or tirn around'. He found that the animals took
all of this very much in stride, seemingly unaware of the outside interference.
Cats stimulated in such a way that they would suddenly have
to raise a hind leg would go right on purring. Nor would they stumble
or fall. 'However', Dr Delgado observes, 'if we tried to prevent the
evoced effect by holding the hind leg with our hands, the cat stopped
purring, struggled to get free, and shook its leg,' indicating that the
stimulatory command is a powerful one.

Dr Pinneo expects to implant as many as 240 electrodes in the brain
stem, making possible even more sophisticated cyberntic organisms.
He points out, however, that with this much hardware in the brain


p 158:

there is bound to be some significant damage to brain structure. Hence
he is now looking for means of achieving deep brain stimulation without
implanted electrodes, a means that would, in addition, permit
stimulation of deep brain sites without simultaneous stimulation of
intervening brain tissue.

. External stimulators of the
future may combine a variety of energy forms, including electric current,
electromagnetic radiation (especially at microwave or higher frequencies),
ultrasonics and laser beams.

Rats, in one experiment, were 'wired for pleasure' and then permitted
to press the stimulating lever themselves. And press it they did - some
at the astounding rate of 5000 times per hour!

It was discovered, in the course of stimulating human brains to
control certain disorders, that man, too, is possessed of these pleasure
centres. Dr Robert G Heath of Tulane University and Dr Delgado have
both reported this phenomenon in man. Dr Delgado notes that some
patients undergoing stimulation suddenly began discussing sexual
matters. Several engaged in flirtatious activity that was out of character
with their normal behaviour. Most surprising, several of the stimulated
subjects expressed their desire to marry the doctor (regardless of
whether they were of the opposite sex).

And,
rather tahn just tear into its target, the stimulated cat would intelligently
choose the best moment for attack, approaching the 'enemy'
with care, adapting its motions to those of the other cat. In other
words, brain stimulation of this sort does not obliterate normal patterns
of behavioural hostile performance; it 'simply' evokes those response
patterns where they would not normally exist at all.

Boss Monkeys were then returned to their domains and stimulated
by remote control for five seconds every minute. The change in the
'dictator' was immediately apparent to the other monkeys, who slowly
but surely began moving into territory generally reserved exclusively
for the boss. Even after the other monkeys had taken all of his territory,
the boss initiated no attacks. In general, he was content to sit back and
play a subordinate role. Shortly after stimulation ceased, however, he
reasserted his absolute authority.

The latter stood meekly by until researchers
remotely stimulated an area of its hypothalamus known to excite
aggressive behaviour. Immediately it sprang into action, advancing on
the astonished boss with increasing ferocity. Ultimately it forced the
autocrat into a corner and a position of subservience. Surprisingly, the new boss remained dominant even after
stimulation ceased, the old boss having apparently lost face permanently.
In another of these experiments at Yerkes, the boss was stimulated
into a state of rage. One moment he was being groomed in the
arms of his beloved; the next moment he was chasing her with murderous
rather than amorous intent.

He was probing the brain of a woman with epilepsy at the
Montreal Neurological Institute, trying to discover which areas were
affected, when he noticed that stimulation in certain regions caused the
woman to 'relive' various events in her life. At times she thought she
was giving birth to one of her children all over again. The detailed
accuracy with which this patient, and others on whom Dr Penfield
subsequently operated, recalled experiences, some dating back to early
childhood, stunned the surgeon. 'No man can, by voluntary effort,' he
declared, 'call this amazing detail back to memory.'
Dr Delgado, who has also observed this phenomenon in a variety of
cases, calls what occurs 'experimential hallucinations'. The electronically
induced experiences qualify as hallucinations because, as Dr Delgado
describes them, they often 'appear more real and vivid than when the


p. 169:

events actually happened. It is as if the patient had a double life, one in
the past recalled by the electrical stimulation, and another in the
present'. The patients not only see and feel things out of their past but
even hear and smell them

conference in which paper is presented:

Case Studies of Destabilization and Delusions Described as Radio-wave Transmitted: Behavioral Implications

In the new experiment, Wilson and graduate student Kenway Louis implanted tiny electrodes in the brains of rats while the rodents learned to maneuver through a circular laboratory maze. In particular, the researchers measured the activity in a part of the brain called the hippocampus, which in humans is located deep in the brain behind the temples. The hippocampus has long been believed to be involved in forming and storing memories.

The rats showed a distinctive pattern. "That pattern is only generated when the animal runs on that maze. It's a unique signature for that experience. It's like having a movie of the experience we can record. Then the trick is to look for instances of that pattern while the animal is asleep," Wilson said.

The same pattern often appeared when the animals entered REM sleep, Wilson and his colleagues reported in today's issue of the journal Neuron. In fact, the pattern was so precise the researchers could actually chart where the rats were in the maze in their dreams and whether they were running or standing still.

person's" experience. What to do with these accounts formed the second step in the paradigm. The technique selected for this research was to study the perceptions and attitudes of college students about

the case study experiences, and the results of the initial findings have been reported at another conference. The third step for this research could broaden its implications for application; one use would be to increase awareness about the phenomenon and its importance for everyday, as well as specialized, aspects of one's experience.

Electromagnetics and the Mind

Greg Harrison

October 26, 1997

Senator Ted Kennedy's congressional subcommittee that investigated MK-ULTRA in 1977, found it guilty of both ethical violations and of violating its charter to only involve non-domestic activities. No one in the CIA was ever criminally charged; the CIA simply vowed that the research would stop.

This word involves using an acoustic signal to mask an underlying ELF wave designed to produce 'voices in the head' and to produce overall states of anxiety and discomfort.

Three types of inhibitory processes may be induced by electrical stimulation: (1) sleep, which usually starts slowly and can easily be interrupted by sensory stimuli; (2) general inhibition, which

affects the whole body, starts as soon as ESB is applied, and persists in spite of sensory stimulation; and (3) specific inhibition, which appears immediately, affects only a determined pattern of behavior such as aggression or food intake, and may or may not be modified by sensory impulses.

Motor arrest is an impressive effect consisting of sudden immobilization of the experimental animal in the middle of ongoing activities, which continue as soon as stimulation is over. It is as if a motion picture projector had been stopped, freezing the subjects in the position in which they were caught. A cat lapping milk has been immobilized with its tongue out, and a cat climbing stairs has been stopped between two steps.

Other types of inhibitory effects are more specific and restricted to only one determined behavioral category. Typical examples are the inhibition of food intake, aggressiveness, territoriality, and maternal behavior.

Close to the hunger inhibitory area there is a region which is involved in inhibition of aggressive behavior. When this part of the caudate nucleus is stimulated (Figure 2o), the normally ferocious macacus rhesus becomes tranquil, and instead of grabbing, scratching, and biting any approaching object, he sits peacefully and the investigator can safely touch his mouth and pet him. During this time the animal is aware of the environment but has simply lost his usual irritability, showing that violence can be inhibited without making the animal sleepy or depressed. Identification of the cerebral areas responsible for ferocity would make it possible to block their function and diminish undesirable aggressiveness without disturbing general behavioral reactivity.

Other experiments in monkeys have also confirmed the pacifying possibilities of ESB

This social dominance has been abolished by stimulation applied for 5 seconds once a minute for one hour to the caudate nucleus in the boss monkey.

The old dream of an individual overpowering the strength of a dictator by remote control has been fulfilled, at least in our monkey colonies, by a combination of neurosurgery and electronics, demonstrating the possibility of intraspecies instrumental manipulation of hierarchical organization.

Maternal behavior is one of the instincts most widely shared by mammals ... This strong bond can be inhibited by ESB ... when a 10-second radio stimulation was applied to the mesencephalon of Rose, an aggressive attitude was evoked with rapid circling around the cage and self-biting of the hand, leg, or flank. For the next eight to ten minutes, maternal instinct was disrupted, and Rose completely lost interest in her baby, ignoring his tender calls and rejecting his attempts to approach her.

already we have some initial clinical information demonstrating that ESB can induce inhibitory effects in man. For example, ESB applied to the supplementary motor cortex has slowed down or completely arrested voluntary motor activity without producing pain or any concomitant loss of consciousness (174).

In some cases, sleep with pleasant dreams has been induced, and occasionally sleep or awakening could be obtained from the same cerebral point by using a slow or high frequency of stimulation (96, 229). Diminished awareness, lack of normal insight, and impairment of ability to think have been observed by several investigators during excitation of different points of the limbic system (74, 120).

For example, one of our female patients was asked to count numbers, starting from one. When she had counted to fourteen, ESB was applied, and speech was immediately interrupted, without changes in respiration or in facial expression, and without producing fear or anxiety. When stimulation ceased seconds later, the patient immediately resumed counting. She said that she did not know why she had stopped; although she had heard the interviewer encouraging her to continue, she had been unable to speak, If the same stimulation was applied while the patient was silent, no effect could be detected by the observer or by the patient herself. In other cases, patients have been able to read and comprehend or to write messages that they were temporarily unable to verbalize (200).

(chapter 17)

Electrical stimulation of the brain is in reality a rather crude technique based on the delivery of a monotonous train of pulses without modulation, without code, without specific meaning and without feedback to the pool of neurons which by chance is located within the artificial electrical field created by stimulation. Temporal and spatial characteristics and the complexity of multisynaptic relays, delays, and convergent and divergent correlations are also absent.

Electrical stimulus, unlike physiological excitation, unselectively affects all elements of a similar threshold that lie within the radius of action of the electrodes"

Patients have accepted evoked psychological changes, such as an increase in friendliness, as natural manifestations of their own personality and not as artificial results of the tests.

The question to answer is not whether but how the application of a crude train of messageless electricity may result in the performance of a highly refined and complicated response.

Evoked behavior is like a chain reaction in which the final result depends more on the structure and organization of the components than on the trigger.

In contrast, willful activity generally has a purpose, and its performance is adapted for the attainment of a determined aim, with a continuous processing of proprioceptive and exteroceptive sensory information, with the use of feedback mechanisms, with capacity for instantaneous readjustment of the central command to adapt to changes in the environment, and with prediction of the future which requires spatiotemporal calculation of speed, direction, and strategies of moving targets. Depending on the location of cerebral stimulation, the responses obtained by ESB may either be similar to a blind reflex or have all the above-mentioned characteristics of voluntary activity.

, there is plenty of evidence that many of the effects evoked by ESB are oriented toward the accomplishment of a specific aim with adaptation of the motor performance to unexpected changes in environmental circumstances. The following examples substantiate this statement.

(note this source is well-cited)

(appears last name is really Zaret)

Dr. Milton Zarat who undertook to analyze Soviet literature on microwaves for the CIA, wrote: "For non-thermal irradiations, they believe that the electromagnetic field induced by the microwave environment affects the cell membrane, and this results in an increase of excitability or an increase in the level of excitation of nerve cells. With repeated or continued exposure, the increased excitability leads to a state of exhaustion of the cells of the cerebral cortex."

Dr. Milton Zaret who analysed neurological effects for the CIA during Project Pandora (he is now one of the few doctors willing to take the government on by testifying on behalf of plaintiffs filing claims for microwave health damage), wrote that, "receptors of the brain are susceptible and react to extremely low intensities of microwave irradiation if this is delivered in accordance with appropriate "coding." Coding is reported to be influenced by the character of the signal so as to be a function, for example, of the shape and amplitude of the pulse or waveform.

Dr. R.O. Becker, twice nominated for the Nobel prize for his health work in bio-electromagneticsm, was more explicit in his concern over illicit government activity. He wrote of "obvious applications in covert operations designed to drive a target crazy with "voices."

By projecting such developments into the future, the authors of New Vistas are camouflaging present day capabilities. A similar futuristic scenario with many references to mind manipulation is described in The Revolution in Military Affairs and Conflict Short of War (US Army War College, 1994). Authors Steven Metz and James Kievit declare: "Behaviour modification is a key component of peace enforcement" and "The advantage of [using] directed energy systems is deniability." The authors ask: "Against whom is such deniability aimed?" The direct answer is "the American people".

Set in the year 2010, Metz and Kievit write of "perception moulding" and "advanced psycho-technologies" to avoid irksome public protest, but that is just the beginning. The major obstacle, they believe, is that "traditional American ethics [are] a major hindrance," and thus, sadly "old-fashioned notions of personal privacy and national sovereignty [are to be] changed."

The future presented by Metz and Kievit sounds like a mixture of George Orwell’s 1984 and the recent movie The Matrix. Individuals unwilling to go along with the revolutionary changes are "identified using comprehensive inter-agency integrated databases." They will then be "categorized" and "sophisticated computerized personality simulations" will be used "to develop, tailor and focus psychological campaigns for [ie. against] each."

Other techniques to be used in association with these new mind weapons include ‘morphing’, a present-day ability that controls the distortion of TV images. So, if you are lucky enough not to have your brain electronically scrambled or erased, the electronic news media will be manipulated especially for you, presenting convincing near-real-life visual images through your combined TV set-cum-internet interface.

but today it is clear that both sham and true rage can be elicited by ESB depending on the location of stimulation.

The stimulated animal started prowling around looking for fights with other subordinate animals, but avoided the most powerful cat in the group. It was evident that brain stimulation had created a state of increased aggressiveness, but it was also clear that the cat directed its hostility intelligently, choosing the enemy and the moment of attack, changing tactics, and adapting its movements to the motor reaction of its opponents Brain stimulation determined the affective state of hostility, but behavioral performance depended on the individual characteristics of the stimulated animal, including learned skills and previous experiences.

(discussing human patients here:)

In addition, there is abundant evidence that anxiety and fear may be induced as either a primary or a secondary category of response by direct electrical stimulation of the brain.

Clearer demonstrations of direct induction of fear without any other accompanying sensations have been reported by several investigators

The demonstration that amygdaloid stimulation may induce violent behavior has also been provided by other investigators

Apparently ESB can induce a state of increased violent reactivity which is expressed in accordance with individual structure and environmental circumstances. We may conclude therefore that artificially evoked emotional change is only one more factor in the constellation of behavioral determinants.

The surprising fact is that animals of different species, including rats, cars, and monkeys, have voluntarily chosen to press a lever which provides electrical stimulation of specific cerebral areas. The demonstrations are highly convincing because animals which initially pressed a lever to obtain the reward of sugar pellets later pressed at similar or higher rates when electrical stimulation was substituted for food.

The highest lever-pressing rates (of up to a remarkable 5,000 times per hour) were recorded by animals self-stimulating in the posterior hypothalamus

As should be expected, when stimulation was shifted from rewarding areas to nuclei in the punishment system in the same animals, they pressed the lever once and never went back,

There are some indications, however, that the perceived sensations could be related to anatomical differentiation of primary rewards of food and sex, because hungry animals self-stimulated at a higher rate in the middle hypothalamus, while administration of sexual hormones to castrated rats increased their lever pressing of more lateral hypothalamic points.

The controversial issue of how these findings in animals may relate to human behavior and the possible existence of areas involved in pleasure in the human brain has been resolved by the information obtained in patients with implanted electrodes.

but studies in human subjects with implanted electrodes have demonstrated that electrical stimulation of the depth of the brain can induce pleasurable manifestations, as evidenced by the spontaneous verbal reports of patients, their facial expression and general behavior, and their desire to repeat the experience.

stimulation of the septal region, located deep in the frontal lobes, produced an enhancement of alertness sometimes accompanied by an increase in verbal output, euphoria, or pleasure.

Results of ESB were grouped as follows: 360 points were "Positive I," and with stimulation "the patients became relaxed, at ease, had a feeling of well-being, and/or were a little sleepy." Another 31 points were "Positive II," and "the patients were definitely changed . . . in a good mood, felt good. They were relaxed, at ease, and enjoyed themselves, frequently smiling. There was a slight euphoria, but the

behavior was adequate." They sometimes wanted more stimulations. Excitation of another eight points evoked behavior classified as "Positive III," when "the euphoria was definitely beyond normal limits. The patients laughed out loud, enjoyed themselves, and positively liked the stimulation, and wanted more." ESB of another 38 points gave ambivalent results, and the patients expressed occasional pleasure or displeasure following excitation of the same area. From three other points, responses were termed "orgasm" because the patients initially expressed enjoyment and then suddenly were completely satisfied and did not want any more stimulation for a variable period of time. Finally, from about two hundred other points, ESB produced unpleasant reactions including anxiety, sadness, depression, fear, and emotional outbursts. One of the moving pictures taken in this study was very demonstrative, showing a patient with a sad expression and slightly depressed mood who smiled when a brief stimulation was applied to the rostral part of the brain, returning quickly to his usual depressed state, to smile again as soon as stimulation was reapplied. Then a ten-second stimulation completely changed his behavior and facial expression into a lasting pleasant and happy mood.

from chap 12 (prev chap 14)

The brain also constitutes the material substratum of mental functions, and by exploring its working neurons we have the possibility of investigating experimentally some of the classical problems of mind-brain correlations. In addition to new answers, implantation of electrodes has introduced new problems: Is it feasible to induce a robotlike performance in animals and men by pushing the buttons of a cerebral radio stimulator? Could drives, desires, and thoughts be placed under the artificial command of electronics? Can personality be influenced by ESB? Can the mind be physically controlled?

(chapter 16)

Stimulation of the middle part of the presylvian sulcus in the cat induced a contralateral turning of the head in the horizontal plane. The effect was reliable, but when the movement was interrupted by placing an obstacle such as a book in its path, the animal modified its performance and raised its head to avoid the interposed obstacle before continuing the evoked head turning.

In this case, ESB evidently did not evoke a predetermined motor effect but an emotional state of increased aggressiveness which was served by pre-established motor skills and directed according to the previous history of social relations (53).

We may conclude that ESB can activate and influence some of the cerebral mechanisms involved in willful behavior.

The possibility of influencing willful activities by electrical means has obvious ethical implications, which will be discussed later

from chapter on limitations of ESB:

The anatomical and functional variability of the brain are factors which hinder prediction of ESB results

Electrical stimulation is a nonspecific stimulus which always activates a group of neurons in a similar way because there is no coded neural message or feedback carried to the stimulating source

Hitler and his henchmen victimized an entire continent and exterminated millions in his quest for a so-called Master Race.

...

Article which seems to intentionally avoid discussion in advances in decoding thoughts

and other aspects of cognitive state using current brain scanning technology / EEG type

(Contrast to 1999 Nature news item, advances in neuroscience threaten human rights)