Mr. Hennessy's Global History and Geography Web
G . W . H E W L E T T H I G H S C H O O L
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Mr. Hennessy’s Global History and Geography I Final Review (This in NOT a complete guide. In order to be better prepared, you MUST use other study materials such a text, notes, review books, and the Global History question archive at www.regentsprep.org).EARLY PEOPLE Nomads Origins in Africa Mary Leakey "Lucy" Anthropologist Archeologist Cultural Diffusion THE NEOLITHIC REVOLUTION ( 10,000 bc) Define Neolithic Revolution The effects of the Neolithic Revolution THE RISE OF CIVILIZATIONS Define Civilization and the 5 characteristics of Civilization Advanced Cities Complex Institutions
Democracy Oligarchy Aristocracy Autocracy Monarchy Theocracy Types of Economy Subsistence Traditional Command Market Mixed Religion Polytheistic Monotheistic Animistic Art/Architecture Reflect values of the culture System of Writing Technology Specialized Workers Artisans River Valley Civilizations (circa 3000 bc) Egypt Nile River Valley Effect of geography on civilization Hieroglyphics Theocracy Pharaoh Pyramids
Mesopotamia- (circa 3000 bc) Land between 2 rivers: Which Rivers? Fertile Crescent Effect of geography on civilization Sumeria Babylon Hammurabi’s Code Cuneiform Ziggurats City States Accomplishments? Indus River Valley Civilizations (circa 2500 bc) Where? Cities? Effect of geography on civilization Monsoons Aryans Accomplishments Early China: Yellow River (Huang He) River people Effect of geography on civilization Middle Kingdom Dynastic Cycle Mandate of Heaven Shang Dynasty
CLASSICAL CIVILIZATIONS OF THE WORLD The stages of civilizations and empires "Golden Age" China (1000 bc – 220 ad) Geography of China- Maps Shi Huangdi The Great Wall of China The Han Dynasty Civil Service Exams Accomplishments India (1500 bc-185 bc) Geography of South Asia-Maps Mauryan Empire Asoka Tolerance Contributions of the Mauryan Empire Greece (circa 1750 bc – 133 bc) Effect of geography on civilization City-States Polis Sparta Oligarchy Militarism Greece (Cont.)
Birthplace of Democracy
Indirect Democracy Pericles Alexander the Greek Hellenistic Contributions of the Greeks Art Architecture Literature Theater Drama Tragedy Comedy Philosophy Socrates Aristotle Plato Science Math The Legacy of Greece Rome and the Roman Empire ( circa 500 bc- 476 ad) Effect of geography on civilization Republic Senate Patricians Plebeians Julius Caesar Augustus Caesar Pax Romana Twelve Tables Roman Contributions Law Art Architecture The fall of the Roman Empire- Causes and Effects How it lead to the "Dark Ages" Byzantine Empire (Byzantium) Byzantine Empire Its relationship to the fall of Rome Constantinople The Great Schism Eastern Orthodox Church Justinian Justinian’s Code Autocrat Hagia Sophia Byzantium’s effect of Eastern Europe and Russia Cyrillic Alphabet Eastern Orthodox Church spread Slavic Language
The Gupta Empire in India (320 ad – 550 ad) Accomplishments of the Gupta The Tang Dynasty in China (618 ad- 907 ad) Social Classes Gentry- Educated- Long Fingernails Merchants Peasants Accomplishments of Tang Dynasty Land reform Trade Grand Canal Literature Porcelain
The Growth of Global Trade Routes Phoenicia and the Mediterranean trade China’s Silk Roads Persian Royal Roads Cyrus Darius Roman Roads Roads/Trade and their effect on cultural diffusion THE ORIGIN AND SPREAD OF RELIGIONS Monotheism Polytheism All religions give people a code of conduct and values for its followers Judaism, Christianity, and Islam Judaism is about 5759 years old, started around 3000 BC, founder was Abraham who received covenant from God, Hebrew/Aramaic languages, Messiah has not come yet. Torah Christianity is about 2000 years old, started during Roman period, founder was Jesus, son of God, Latin language, Jesus was the messiah. New testament Golden Rule Islam is about 1376 years old, started AD 610 when Mohammed received revelations, in AD 622 was considered birth of Islam, Arabic language, Mohammed was last prophet Islamic Religion is the unifying
factor in the Middle East: Why?
Similarities of Judaism,
Christianity, and Islam Similarities of Islam and Judaism Similarities of Islam and
Christianity Hinduism Brahma - Creator *Considered polytheistic Brahmins - priests
Karma is actions in this life that
affect next life
Buddhism Four Noble Truths Sects of a Religion - Division of
the religion CHINESE PHILOSOPHIES Confucianism Confucius The goal of Confucianism The 5 relationships Filial Piety Role of education Confucianism’s spread/influence to Korea and Japan Doaism (Taoism); "The Natural Way" Laozi The goal of Daoism Yin Yang Major Beliefs Legalism Goal of legalism Major beliefs Similarities of Confucianism, Daoism, and Legalism Differences of Confucianism, Daoism, and Legalism Islamic Civilization Why did Islam spread so fast? Jihad Islam’s effect on Society Status of Women Accomplishments of Islamic Civilization Art- Calligraphy Architecture- Mosques Science/Astronomy –Astrolabe Medicine Math- Al Jabar The Middle Ages, Dark ages, Medieval Age, Age of Feudalism in Europe (circa 500 ad-1400ad) Time period The fall of the Roman Empire’s effect on Europe: central power, trade, cities, population, learning, language, invasions by Vikings, Magyars, and Muslims Charlemagne and the influence he had on Europe Feudalism as a social, political and economic system The feudal pyramid and the duties, obligations, of various people Manor Manorialism Chivalry and its effect on feudal society Self-sufficiency of manor European Feudalism as compared to Japanese Feudalism: similarities and differences King and Emperor as a figurehead Shogun Bushido and its similarity to chivalry The power of the Roman Catholic Church in the Middle Ages Excommunication The administering of the 7 sacraments Tithe Heresy/Heretic The Crusades Pope Urban II What was the goal of the Crusades? Motivations of the Crusaders Saladin Pagans The social, political and economic effects of the Crusades The Crusades: Success or failure? The Bubonic Plague and is effects on the Middle Ages The Bubonic Plague’s relationship to trade The 100 years War Joan of Arc and her significance for Catholicism and women The legacy of the Middle Ages on European history The Mongol Empire Where did the Mongols come from? Genghis Khan What areas of Asia did the Mongols conquer? Unified many cultures The Mongols create a dynasty in China Kublai Khan Marco Polo visit to Kublai Khan’s royal court The impact of Mongol Rule in Russia Absolutism Isolation of Russia from Western Europe Pax Mongolia Reasons for Mongol Empire’s decline The Renaissance (Re-birth) of Europe (1300 ad-1500 ad) Crusades and the effects of trade meant wealth for Italian Merchants Middle Ages thought vs. Renaissance thought News ways of thinking emerge Renaissance (cont.)
Michelangelo Davinci "The Renaissance Man" Literary Achievements Dante Shakespeare Machiavelli’s "The Prince" Johann Gutenberg
The Protestant Reformation and the Counter Reformation (1500-1600 ad) Causes of the Reformation New Ideas from the Renaissance Corruption in the Roman Catholic Church Indulgences Papal (Pope’s) Power Excommunication Martin Luther 95 Theses Lutherans John Calvin Calvinists
Henry II Problems with the Pope Annulment Anglican Church (Church of England) Differences between the Protestant Churches and the Catholic Church The Catholic Reformation (Counter Reformation) The Council of Trent Jesuits Inquisition The Effects of the Protestant Reformation THE AGE OF EXPLORATION (1400 ad- 1600 ad) The Pre-Columbian Mesoamerican civilizations Geography of Latin America – maps The effect of geography on Latin American culture/history Andes Mountains Amazon River Basin Deserts Rain Forests The Mayans (300 ad-900 ad) Where were they located? How was the civilization effected by geography Accomplishments of the civilization Pyramids Calendar Elements of the culture Reasons for decline
The Aztecs (1200- 1500 ad) Where were they located? How was the civilization effected by geography Accomplishments of the civilization Elements of the culture Warrior culture Tenochtitlin Reasons for decline The Incas Where were they located? How was the civilization effected by geography Accomplishments of the civilization Macchu Picchu Inca Roads Terrace Farming Elements of the culture Reasons for decline Early African History (800 ad- 1600 ad) Geography of Africa- Maps Impact of Geography on African History Impact of gepgraphy on exploration
of Africa Early African Empires Africa: Ghana, Mali, Songhai-Trading states with gold and salt as control of trade -Timbuktu was capitol of the civilizations -For Mali, Mansa Musa made pilgrimage to Mecca spreading wealth of Africa and making the wealth well known. The Age of European Exploration The Reasons for Exploration Increased trade from crusades Influence of Renaissance and Reformation on questioning the world Impact of Technology Magnetic and gunpowder compass from China Astrolabe from Muslims (Islamic Civilization) The Caravel Portuguese Exploration Prince Henry the Navigator Sea Route to Asia via Africa Vasco De Gama Ferdinand Diaz Spanish vs. Portuguese Exploration Treaty of Tordesillas Exploration (cont.) Line of Demarcation Christopher Columbus Invasion or Discovery? Conquistadors
Francisco Pizzaro Reasons for Spanish Success Effects of Spanish Conquering of the Americas Impact on Native Cultures Africa Slave Trade Middle Passage Spread of Christianity Cultural Diffusion Spanish Language Encomienda System New Social Structure PeninsularesCreoles Mestizos Mulattos Native Americans African Slaves Exploration (cont.) Mercantilism Columbian Exchange Commercial Revolution Joint Stock Company Rise of Capitalism
THE AGE OF ABSOLUTISM (circa 1500 ad- 1600 ad) AbsolutismThe Theory of Divine Right Reasons for the rise of Absolute Monarchs The decline of Feudalism The rise of cities The decline of the Church after the Reformation Wealth from exploration and Commercial Revolution The Characteristics of an Absolute Monarch Centralized government Treatment of citizens Spending of money Expansion of Borders/Wars/Foreign Policy Philip II of Spain Spanish Armada Louis XIV of France:The "Sun King" Palace Versailles "L’etat, c’est moi" Peter the Great of Russia Westernization St. Petersburg "Window on the West" The Search for a warm water port Ivan the Terrible of Russia Akbar of the Mughal Empire in India Tolerance Kang Xi of China Suleiman I (The Lawgiver) of Ottoman Empire (Turkey) England Rejects Absolutism William the Conqueror Battle of Hastings Henry II Common Law Precedent King John Magna Carta Importance of Magna Carta Charles I Petition of Rights Limited Monarchy English Civil War Roundheads Royalists Oliver Cromwell Commonwealth Charles II
James II The Glorious Revolution Why was it "Glorious"? William of Orange and Mary Constitutional Monarchy English Bill of Rights The Cabinet System The Enlightenment and the Scientific Revolution (circa 1500 ad- 1700 ad) New ideas of the universe Copernicus Galileo Newton New ways of thinking The scientific method Descartes New Ideas about government and rights of man Natural laws Enlightenment John Locke Natural rights of man Montesquieu Separation of powers Checks and Balances Voltaire Free Speech Rousseau The Social Contract Impact of the Enlightenment Ideas Enlightened Despots Maria Theresa Catherine the Great
The growth of Nationalism The spread of Democratic ideas America’s "experiment" |
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