SOL Topics

Chapter 1 - PS. 1

• record measurements using the following metric units (SI): liter, milliliter (cubic centimeters), meter, centimeter, millimeter, grams, degrees Celsius, and newtons.
• identify the key components of controlled experiments: independent and dependent variables, constants, controls, and repeated trials.
• select appropriate equipment (triple beam balances, thermometers, metric rulers, graduated cylinders, and spring scales) and utilize correct techniques to measure length, mass, volume, temperature, and force.
• create an appropriate graph (bar, line, or circle) for a given set of data. Select the proper type of graph, identify and label the axes, and plot the data points.
• read a graph and analyze patterns, determine trends, and make predictions
• The number of repeated trials need to be repeated and then averaged. The more trails the better the data. Control group is a standard by which any change can be measured.

1. potential and kinetic energy;

• Energy is the ability to do work.
• Energy exists in two states. Potential energy is energy stored based on position or chemical composition. Kinetic energy is energy of motion. Students should know that the amount of potential energy associated with an object depends on its position. The amount of kinetic energy depends on the mass and velocity of the moving object.
• Important forms of energy include heat, chemical, electrical, mechanical, and nuclear energy.
• Energy can be transformed from one type to another. Energy in the form of heat is one of the by-products of any energy transformation.

Chapters 2 and 3
PS.10 Key concepts include

1. speed, velocity, and acceleration;
2. Newton’s laws of motion;
3. work, force, mechanical advantage, efficiency, and power; and
4. applications (simple machines, compound machines)

• calculate the speed of a moving object.
• explain how force = mass x acceleration and be able to explain what happens if one of the variables is increased or decreased. Know that force is expressed in Newton’s.
• explain the difference between mass and weight.
• identify examples of each Law of Motion (the 3 Laws will be given)
• apply the concept of mechanical advantage to explain how a machine makes work easier.
• calculate the work done on an object.
• calculate the power of an object.
• explain how the concepts of work, force, and motion apply to car safety and rockets.

• A force is a push or pull. Force is measured in Newton’s. Force can cause objects to move, stop moving, change speed, or change direction.
• Speed is the change in position of an object per unit of time. Velocity includes speed and direction
• Newton’s three laws of motion describe the motion of all objects both on earth and in space.
• Gravity acts on all objects both big and small and can be used to explain the motion of the planets.
• Mass and weight are not the same. Mass is the amount of matter. Weight is a measure of the force due to gravity acting on a mass.

Work is done when an object is moved through a distance in the direction of the applied force. Work is not done when there is no movement.

A simple machine is a device that helps do work against some resistive force. Simple machines have different purposes:

to change the effort needed (mechanical advantage),

to change the direction or distance to which the force is applied,

to change the speed at which the resistance moves, or a combination of these.

The work put into a machine is always greater than the work output (due to friction, heat, sound ect…).

The ratio of work output to work input is called efficiency.

No machine is 100% efficient.

Mechanical advantage is the number of times a machine multiplies the effort force. Find effort force if given M.A and the resistance force.

Solve basic problems given the following formulas:

Power = work /time (P = W/t).

Momentum = mass x acceleration

Kinetic Energy = mass x velocity²

2

Mechanical Advantage = resistance force

effort force

Mechanical efficiency = work output x 100

work input