The history of the present King of Great Britain is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations, all having in direct object the establishment of an absolute Tyranny over these States.

To prove this, let Facts be submitted to a candid world. He has:

• Refused his Assent to Laws, the most wholesome and necessary for the public good.
• Forbidden his Governors to pass Laws of immediate and pressing importance, unless suspended in their operation till his Assent should be obtained; and when so suspended, he has utterly neglected to attend to them.
• Refused to pass other Laws for the accommodation of large districts of people, unless those people would relinquish the right of Representation in the Legislature, a right inestimable to them and formidable to tyrants only.
• Called together legislative bodies at places unusual, uncomfortable, and distant from the depository of their public Records, for the sole purpose of fatiguing them into compliance with his measures.
• Dissolved Representative Houses repeatedly, for opposing with manly firmness his invasions on the rights of the people.
• Refused for a long time, after such dissolutions, to cause others to be elected; whereby the Legislative powers, incapable of Annihilation, have returned to the People at large for their exercise; the State remaining in the mean time exposed to all the dangers of invasion from without, and convulsions within.
• Endeavoured to prevent the population of these States; for that purpose obstructing the Laws for Naturalization of Foreigners; refusing to pass others to encourage their migrations hither, and raising the conditions of new Appropriations of Lands.
• Obstructed the Administration of Justice, by refusing his Assent to Laws for establishing Judiciary powers.
• Made Judges dependent on his Will alone, for the tenure of their offices, and the amount and payment of their salaries.
• Erected a multitude of New Offices, and sent hither swarms of Officers to harrass our people, and eat out their substance.
• Kept among us, in times of peace, Standing Armies without the Consent of our legislatures.
• Affected to render the Military independent of and superior to the Civil power.

• Quartering large bodies of armed troops among us: protecting them, by a mock Trial, from punishment for any Murders which they should commit on the Inhabitants of these States
• Cutting off our Trade with all parts of the world:
• Imposing Taxes on us without our Consent:
• Depriving us in many cases, of the benefits of Trial by Jury:
• Transporting us beyond Seas to be tried for pretended offences
• Abolishing the free System of English Laws in a neighbouring Province, establishing therein an Arbitrary government, and enlarging its Boundaries so as to render it at once an example and fit instrument for introducing the same absolute rule into these Colonies:
• Taking away our Charters, abolishing our most valuable Laws, and altering fundamentally the Forms of our Governments:
• Suspending our own Legislatures, and declaring themselves invested with power to legislate for us in all cases whatsoever.

• Abdicated Government here:
• By declaring us out of his Protection
• And by waging War against us.
• Plundered our seas,
• Ravaged our Coasts,
• Burnt our towns,
• And destroyed the lives of our people.

He is at this time transporting large Armies of Foreign

Mercenaries to compleat the works of:

• Death
• Desolation
• And Tyranny

already begun with circumstances of Cruelty & perfidy scarcely paralleled in the most barbarous ages, and totally unworthy the Head of a civilized nation.

• Constrained our fellow Citizens taken Captive on the high Seas to bear Arms against their Country, to become the executioners of their friends and Brethren, or to fall themselves by their Hands.
• Excited domestic insurrections amongst us
• Endeavoured to bring on the inhabitants of our frontiers, the merciless Indian Savages, whose known rule of warfare, is an undistinguished destruction of all ages, sexes and conditions.

In every stage of these Oppressions We have Petitioned for Redress in the most humble terms: Our repeated Petitions have been answered only by repeated injury.