Ch. 32
? acid rain � Gases from power plants and factories produced acid rain, a form of pollution in which toxic chemicals in the air come back to the Earth as rain, snow, or hail. Acid rain damaged forests, lakes, and farmland, especially in industrial Europe and North America.
? culture shock � This had to do with the changes during the cold war. This would include The Berlin wall.
? interdependence � Interdependence is the dependence of countries on goods, resources, and knowledge from other parts of the world. Political, economic, cultural, and other links have created both problems and opportunities.
? liberation theology � In Latin American, some Roman Catholic clergy adopted a movement called liberation theology. They urged the Church to take a more active role in opposing the social contributions that contributed to poverty.
? multinational corporation � Huge multinational corporation, enterprises with branches in many countries, have invested in the developing world. They bring new technology to mining, agriculture, transportation, and other industries.
? nonaligned � Many new nations chose to remain nonaligned. This means that they are not allied to either side in the Cold War.
? privatization � Many turned from socialism to privatization, selling off state-owned industries to private investors. Nations hoped that more efficient private enterprises would produce higher-quality goods in the long run.
? terrorism � Terrorism is the deliberate use of random violence, especially against civilians, to exact revenge or achieve political goals.
? political instability in Africa � In Africa, civil wars and other struggles prevented economic development. Military dictators or other authoritarian leaders spent huge sums on weapons and warfare instead of on education, housing, or health care.
? developing countries � Most developing nations have made progress toward modernization, others have not. The reasons for undeveloped countries are the geography, population and poverty, economic dependence, economic policies, and political instability.
? Effects of the Cold War � The Cold War began when the U.S. and the Soviet Union competed for influence by offering economic and military aid to developing nations. Each superpower wanted new countries to adopt its ideology � either capitalism or socialism.
? spread of American culture around the globe � Since World War II, American fads, fashions, music, and entertainment have captured the world�s imagination. Global exchanges have influenced literature and the visual arts for hundreds of years.
? Factories and Environmental Damage � Because of the expansion of factories, many parts of the environment were damaged. For instance, air and water pollution, deforestation, desertification, endangered plants and animals, and waste disposal were all affected by the large development of factories.
? Explain how computers have shaped new global culture � The computer is among the most revolutionary developments of the past 50 years. The first electronic computers, built in the 1940s, were huge, slow machines. Computers led to an information revolution. By the 1990s, a growing computer network linked individuals, governments, and businesses around the world.
Ch. 33
? d�tente � By the 1970s, American and Soviet leaders promoted an era of d�tente or relaxation of tensions. D�tente brought new agreements to reduce nuclear stockpiles.
? deficit � Government spending and tax cuts greatly increased the national deficit, the gap between what a government spends and what it takes in through taxes and other sources.
? dissident � Brezhnev rigorously suppressed dissidents, people who spoke out against the government. Critics faced arrest and imprisonment.
? glasnost � At home, Gorbachev launched a two-pronged effort at reform. First, he called for glasnost, or openness.
? welfare state � A major goal of leftist parties was to extend the welfare state. Under this system, a government keeps most features of a capitalist economy but takes greater responsibility for the social and economic needs of its people.
? Leonid Brezhnev � IN 1964, economic and foreign policy setbacks resulted in Khrushchev�s removal from office. In time, Leonid Brezhnev took over the Soviet Union, holding power until his death in 1982.
? Charles de Gaulle � Because the Algerians opposed the nationalists who wanted independence, they turned to Charles de Gaulle, who had led the Free French during the war. In 1958, de Gaulle set up the Fifth Republic.
? Martin Luther King Jr. - Martin Luther King Jr. was a gifted preacher who, in 1956, emerged as a leader of the civil rights movement. Inspired by Gandhi�s campaign of civil disobedience in India, King organized boycotts and led peaceful marches throughout the 1960s to end segregation in the United States.
? Joseph McCarthy � Between 1950 and 1954, Senator Joseph McCarthy charged many Americans with harboring communist sympathies. Government probes, however, produced little evidence of subversion. Eventually, the Senate condemned McCarthy�s reckless behavior, but not before his unjust charges had ruined the careers of thousands of Americans.
? Margaret Thatcher - Margaret Thatcher was one of many British leaders who opposed increased links with Europe. In Denmark, too, voters opposed changes that they feared would destroy their unique identity.
? perestroika � Gorbachev also urged the restructuring of government and the economy, called perestroika. Streamlining government and reducing the size of the bureaucracy.
? service industry � A service industry is one that provides a service rather than a product. Service industries include health care, finance, sales, education, and recreation.
? welfare state � A major goal of leftist parties was to extend the welfare state. Under this system, a government keeps most features of a capitalist economy but takes greater responsibility for the social and economic needs of its people.
? Mikhail Gorbachev � Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev was a key builder of today�s world. His reforms paved the way for the independence of Eastern Europe, the breakup of the Soviet Union, and the end of the Cold War.
? Helmut Kohl � West German chancellor Helmut Kohl was the architect of unity. He assured both the Soviet Union and the West that a united Germany would pose no threat to peace.
? Nikita Krushev � Emerged as the new Soviet leader. In 1956, he shocked top Communist party members when he publicly denounced Stalin�s abuse of power. He didn�t change many of the goals, but he did free many political prisoners and eased censorship.
? Josip Tito � During World War II, a fierce guerrilla leader, Josip Tito, had battled German occupying forces. Later, Tito set up a communist government in Yugoslavia, but he pursued a path independent of Moscow. He refused to join the Warsaw Past and claimed to be neutral in the Cold War.
? Lech Walesa � In 1980, economic hardships ignited strikes of shipyard workers which were led by Lech Walesa. They organized an independent trade union called Solidarity. It soon claimed 10 million members, who pressed for political change.
? global economic competition � No leader could ever solve the economic problems in the Soviet. Soviet shoes, suits, and television sets were far inferior to those made in the West, and luxuries like frozen food, clothes washers, or automobiles remained rare.
? civil war in Yugoslavia � Civil War broke out in Yugoslavia because a wave of nationalism came over the country once Josip Tito died. The three main ethnic groups separated and formed their own countries and capitals.
? American foreign policy during Cold War � the US was the greatest military power (atomic bomb) in which they gave up foreign alliances. During the war they used vast economics and military resources to protect its interests and security from a non-communist world.
? NAFTA � A key step toward solving the problem between Canada and the U.S. was a treaty that created a vast free-trade zone between the two nations. NAFTA later extended this zone to Mexico.
? Warsaw Pact � The Warsaw Pact was formed by the communist nations of Eastern Europe, dominated by the Soviet Union. It was dissolved when the Cold War ended and nations in Western and Eastern Europe sought normal relations.
? NATO � NATO was formed by the western democracies, led by the United States. It was formed to defend the West against communism, although; it had to redefine its role in a post-Cold War world.
? European Coal and Steel Community � In 1952, six nations set up the European Coal and Steel Community. This independent agency set prices and otherwise regulated the coal and steel industries of member states. This cooperation spurred economic growth across Western Europe.
? glasnost � At home, Gorbachev launched a two-pronged effort at reform. First, he called for glasnost, or openness.
? 1973 oil crisis � In 1973, the West suffered an economic holt when OPEC cut oil production and raised prices. Since most Western European countries used imported oil to fuel industries, the higher prices hurt.
? Berlin Wall as a symbol of Cold War � It symbolized the cold wars division between the communist and western democracies. Was the barrier and propaganda defeat for the Soviets, ended cold war.
? European Union � Despite disputes between members, the Common Market prospered. IN 1973 Britain was admitted. In the 1980s and 1990s, it expanded still further and took the name the European Union. With the end of communism, some Eastern European nations were eager to join the EU.
? Civil rights movement � The 1950s seemed to be a peaceful time at home yet major changes were underway that would reshape American society. Among the most far-reaching was the civil rights movement.
? "ethnic cleansing" Bosnia � was the removal of any other ethnic groups from the areas the Serbs controlled. Many Bosnians became refugees, living on food sent to them by the UN while others were just brutally killed.