Totalitarianism/ Democracy in Crisis
Ch. 29
apartheid � policy of strict racial separation in South Africa; abolished in 1989. Between 1910 and 1940, whites strengthened their grip on South Africa using this.
civil disobedience � refusal to obey unjust laws. Henry David Thoreau, an American philosopher of the 1800s, believed in this.
Diego Rivera � created magnificent works that won worldwide acclaim. On the walls of public buildings, they portrayed the struggles of the Mexican people for liberty.
Hirohito � performed sacred purification rituals going back thousands of years. He reigned from 1926 to 1989. During those decades, Japan experienced remarkable successes and appalling tragedies.
Jiang Jieshi � an energetic young army officer who took over the Guomindang. He was determined to reunite China but he had little interest in democracy and communism.
Muhammad Ali Jinrah � came from a middle class background and studied law in England. He represented Muslim interests within the congress party.
Nationalization � takeover of property or resources by the government. The constitution of 1917 allowed this to take place.
Pancho Villa � a radical leaver, and a heard-rising rebel from the north. Fought mostly for personal power but won the intense loyalty of his peasant followers.
Cause of the 1910 Mexico Revolution � Francisco Madero demanded free elections and was imprisoned by D�az. Soon, revolutionaries all across Mexico joined Madero�s cause.
Pan-Africanism � emphasized the unity of Africans and people of African descent around the world. Nourished the nationalist spirit during the 1920s.
Mandate System (M. East) � territories administered by European nations. Set up by the Paris Peace Conference and outraged Arabs.
Great Salt March � led by Ghandi who believed that the government salt monopoly was an evil burden on the poor and a symbol of British oppression.
May Fourth Movement � student protests erupted in Beijing and later spread to cities around China. Set off a cultural and intellectual ferment.
Effect of Great Depression in Japan � the trade in Japan suffered as foreign buyers could no longer afford Japanese skills and other exports.
CH. 30
general strike � strike by workers in many different industries at the same time. This was caused by the increasing unemployment rate in the 1920s.
stream of consciousness � literary technique that probes a character�s random thoughts and feelings. As Freud�s ideas became popular, some writers experimented with this.
flapper � in the United States and Europe in the 1920s, a rebellious young woman. The reigning queen of the Jazz Age was the liberated young woman.
concentration camp � detention center for civilians considered enemies of a state. Tens of thousands of Jews were sent here.
Leon Blum � socialist leader who united many parties in 1936. His Popular Front government tried to solve labor problems and passed some social legislations.
Marie Curie � Polish-born French scientist who experimented with a process called radioactivity. She also discovered that the atoms of certain elements, such as radium and iranium, spontaneously release charged particles.
Franklin D. Roosevelt � found ways around the Neutrality Acts to provide aid, including warships, to Britain as it stood alone against Hitler.
Virginia Woolf � British novelist who used stream of consciousness to explore the hidden thoughts of people as they go through the ordinary actions of their everyday lives.
Albert Einstein � German-born physicist who advanced his theories of relativity by 1905. He argued that space and time measurements are not absolute but are determined by many factors.
James Joyce � explored the mind of a hero who remains sound asleep throughout the novel �Finnegan�s Wke.� He invented many words; some as long as one-hundred letters.
Pablo Picasso � Spanish artist who created a revolutionary new style, called cubism. He broke three-dimensional objects into fragments and composed them into complex patterns of angles and planes.
Joseph Pilsudski � dictator of Poland in 1926. He took over after the communist-led government was overthrown.
Frank Lloyd Wright � American architect who reflected the Bauhaus belief that the function of a building should determine its form.
Kellog-Briand Pact � �spirit of Locarno� was echoed in this in 1928. It promised to renounce war as an instrument of national policy. In this hopeful spirit, the great powers pursued disarmament.
Fascism � from the Latin �fasces�, a bundle of sticks wrapped around an axe. It is a symbol of authority in ancient Rome.
Adolph Hitler � despised Christianity. He sought to replace religion with his racial creed. In an attempt to control the churches, the Nazis combined all Protestant sects into a single state church.
totalitarian rule � rule in which a one-party dictatorship regulates every aspect of citizens� lives. Stalin turned they Soviet Union into a totalitarian.
Mein Kampf � �the holy book� that Hitler wrote when he was in jail. It was about Nazi goals and ideology and reflected his obsessions.
campaign against the Jews � Hitler set out to drive Jews out of Germany. Nazis beat, robbed and roused mobs against the Jews.
Great Depression � the stock market crash triggered this in the 1930�s. This was a painful time of global economic collapse and created financial turmoil in the industrial world.
Mussolini � assumed more power and took the title �Il Duce.� He expected women to make sacrifices for the nation. His largest goal was to shape the young.
Weimar Republic � In November 1918, as World War I was drawing to a close, Germany tottered on the brink of chaos. Under the threat of a socialist revolution, Kaiser William II abdicated.
Kristallnacht � means �night of the Broken Glass.� It was only the beginning of a nightmare for the Jewish people.