? Militarism � Glorification of the military. Under militarism, the armed forces and readiness for war came to dominate national policy.
? Ultimatum � Final set of demands. Austria sent Serbia a sweeping ultimatum.
? Mobilize � to prepare military forces for war. Russia mobilized just before Germany declared war on them.
? Neutrality � a policy of supporting neither side in a war. Britain had to decide quickly whether or not to support its ally France.
? Total war � the channeling of a nation�s entire resources into a war effort. As the struggle wore on, nations realized that a modern, mechanized war required the total commitment of their whole society.
? Propaganda � the spreading of ideas to promote a cause or damage an opposing cause. Both sides waged a propaganda war.
? Atrocity � horrible acts against innocent people. The British and French press circulated tales of atrocities.
? Armistice � agreement to end fighting. The German government sought an armistice with the Allies on November 11, 1918 which ended the war.
? Reparations � payments for war damage. The stunned Central Powers, who had viewed the armistice as a cease-fire rather than a surrender, looked for scapegoats on whom to blame their defeat.
? Mandate � territories that were administered by western powers. Britain and France gained mandates over German colonies in Africa and Ottoman lands in the Middle East.
? Edith Cavell � a British nurse. She ran a Red Cross hospital in Belgium even after the German invasion. She was shot as a spy by the Germans.
? Georges Clemenceau � French leader whose nickname was �the Tiger� for his fierce war policy. His chief goal was to weaken Germany so that it could never again threaten France.
? Alfred Nobel � Swedish inventor of dynamite, came to regret the military uses of his invention. Set up Nobel Peace Prize to reward each year the individual whose work advanced the cause of peace in his will.
? Gavrillo Princip � Joined Unity or Death, a terrorist group commonly known as the Black Hand. He helped the assassination of Francis Ferdinand.
? Sarajevo � Capital of Bosnia. Francis Ferdinand visited on June 28 and got assassinated there.
? Woodrow Wilson � called for an end to secret treaties, freedom of the seas, free trade, and large-scale reductions of arms in the Fourteen Points.
? Wilson's Fourteen Points � a list of terms for resolving this and future wars. Called to end secret treaties, freedom of the seas, free trade, and large-scale reductions.
? Francis Ferdinand � Archduke of Austria-Hungary. Assassinated on June 28 in Sarajevo by the Black Hand group.
? Kaiser William II � Preserved the Triple Alliance. Also allowed Bismarck�s Reinsurance Treaty, made with Russia in 1887, to lapse allowing Russia to seek new allies.
? Bertha Von Sutner � Wrote an antiwar novel �Lay Down Your Arms� which became a best seller all over Europe. Organized an Australian peace society and was the only woman to attend The Haque conference. Won the first Nobel Peace Prize
? Triple Alliance � consists of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy. Germany formed it in 1882.
? Ottoman Empire � joined the Central Powers because it became paranoid.
? Trench warfare � underground network linked bunkers, communication trenches, and gun emplacements.
? Machine gun (role it played in WWI) � made it possible for a few gunners to mow down waves of soldiers and helped create a stalemate by making it difficult to advance across no man�s land.
? Airplane (role it played in WWI) � At first, mainly used for observation. Later, flying �aces� engaged in individual combat, though such �dogfights� had little effect on the war.
? Role of women in WWI � worked as nurses at the war front. They shared the same risks as the soldiers they were treating. This gave them a new sense of pride and confidence.
? Nationalism (ie. tension between France and Germany) � Nationalism was formed between France and Germany because of the fighting over two provinces: Alsace and Lorraine.
? Paris Peace Conference � brought three main parties together to discuss the peace arrangements of the world.
? American neutrality � Americans were neutral throughout the war until Germany repeated their use of unrestricted usage of U-boats
? Black Hand � organized by Bosnian Serbs, its goal was to organize all South Slav peoples into a single nation.
? Treaty of Versailles � written by the Allies after the war and forced Germany to assume full blame for causing the war. It imposed huge reparations that would put an already damaged German economy under a staggering burden.
? Self determination � raised expectations for a just and lasting peace, even in defeated Germany.
? Shleiffen Plan � required German armies to march through Belgium, then swing south behind French lines.
? U boat � used by Germany to destroy Allied shipping. U-boat attacks helped bring United States into war.
? Lusitania � a Britain liner that was torpedoed by German submarine. Almost 1,200 passengers were killing including 128 Americans. German�s said they thought it was carrying weapons.
? Armistice � agreement to end fighting. The German government sought an armistice with the Allies on November 11, 1918 which ended the war.
? Mandate � territories that were administered by western powers. Britain and France gained mandates over German colonies in Africa and Ottoman lands in the Middle East.
? War reparations � payments for war damage. The stunned Central Powers, who had viewed the armistice as a cease-fire rather than a surrender, looked for scapegoats on whom to blame their defeat.
? Western front � the deadliest and most stalemated front in the war. Both sides were clearly dug in trenches and made little progress one way or the other.
? Eastern front � between Germany and Russia. This was slightly less defined, but still deadly and involved a lot of trench warfare.
? Battle of Verdun � fierce battle that was fought in this town on February 21, 1916. Over 2 million fought in this war, and was one of the bloodiest wars of WWI.
? Battle of Marne � 2 important battles of WWI were fought here. In the first battle, the advances made by Germany to Paris was stopped by the Allies, and the Germans retreated and abandoned the Schlieffen plan. The second battle was the final blow to the German army before they were destroyed by the Allies.