Per. 3
Chapter 27 Outline
1. Pressure for Peace
A. The late 1800s and early 1900s saw serious efforts to end the scourge of war.
B. Alfred Nobel was a Swedish inventor of dynamite.
C. He set up the Nobel peace Prize to reward each year the individual whose work advanced the cause of peace.
2. Aggressive Nationalism
A. Nationalism can be a positive force, binding together a nation�s people.
B. Nationalism was strong in Germany and France.
C. I n Eastern Europe, Russia sponsored a powerful form of nationalism called Pan-Slavism.
3. Economic and Imperial Rivalries
A. Economic rivalries further poisoned the international atmosphere.
B. The British were threatened by Germany�s rapid economic growth.
C. By 1900, Germany�s new, modern factories increasingly out produced Britain�s older ones.
4. Militarism and the Arms Race
A. Militarism is the glorification of the military.
B. Under militarism, the armed forces and readiness for war came to dominate national policy.
C. Militarists painted war in romantic colors.
5. A Tangle of Alliances
A. The first alliances had their origins in Bismarck�s day.
B. He was aware tha France longed to avenge its humiliating defeat in the Franco-Prussian War.
C. In 1872, Germany joined a weak alliance with Austria-Hungary and Russia.
6. A Murder With Millions of Victims
A. In 1914, a small group of young revolutionaries huddled around a caf� table in Belgrade, Serbia.
B. June 28 was the fate on which Serbia had been conquered by the Ottoman empire in 1389.
C. Bosnia was still ruled by Austria-Hungary.
7. Peace Unravels
A. Ultimatum is a final set of demands.
B. To mobilize is to prepare its military forces for war.
C. Neutrality is a policy of supporting neither side in a war.
8. Whose Fault?
A. Each great power believed its cause was just.
B. Austria wanted to punish Serbia for encouraging terrorism.
C. Germany felt that it must stand the Austrian ultimatum to Serbia as an effort to oppress Slavic peoples.
9. The Western Front
A. On the Western Front, the warring armies burrowed into a vast system of trenches, stretching from the Swiss frontier to the English Channel.
B. An underground network linked bunkers, communications trenches, and gun emplacements.
C. There, millions of soldiers roasted under the broiling summer sun or froze through the long winters.
10. Other European Fronts
A. In August 1914, Russian armies pushed into eastern Germany.
B. Then, at the battle of Tannenberg, they suffered one of the worst defeats of the war.
C. After Tannenberg, armies in the east fought on Russian soil.
11. The War Beyond Europe
A. European colonies were drawn into the struggle.
B. The Allies overran scattered German colonies in Africa and Asia.
C. They also turned to their own colonies and dominions for troops, laborers, and supplies.
12. Effects of the Stalemate
A. Total war is the channeling of a nation�s entire resources into a war effort.
B. Early on, both sides set up systems to recruit, arm, transport, and supply armies that numbered in the millions.
C. All of the warring nations except Britain imposed universal military conscription, or �the draft,� which required all yound men to be ready for military or other service.
13. Women at War
A. Military nurses shared the dangers of the men whose wounds they tended.
B. At aid stations close to the front lines, they worked around the clock, especially after a big �push� brought a flood of casualties.
C. Some women became national heroes.
14. Collapsing Morale
A. By 1917, the morale of both troops and civilians had plunged.
B. Germany was sending 15-year-old recruits to the front.
C. Britain was on the brink of bankruptcy.
15. The United States Declares War
A. Soon after the Russian Revolution began, however, another event altered the balance of forces.
B. The United States, whish so far had stayed out of the fighting, declared war on Germany.
C. In May 1915, a German submarine torpedoed the British liner Lusitania.
16. Campaign to Victory
A. An armistice is an agreement to end fighting.
B. The German government sought this with the Allies.
C. At 11 A.M. on November 11, 1918, the Great War at last came to an end.
17. The Costs of War
A. The human and material costs of the war were staggering.
B. More than 8.5 million people were dead. Double that number had been wounded, many handicapped for life.
C. Famine threatened many regions.
18. The Paris Peace Conference
A. Woodrow Wilson was one of three strong personalities who dominated the Paris Peace Conference.
B. A dedicated reformer, Wilson was so sure of his rightness that he could be hard to work with.
C. The British prime minister, David Lloyd George, knew that the British people demanded harsh treatment for Germany.
19 The Treaty of Versailles
A. In June 1919, the peacemakers summoned representatives of the new German Republic to the palace of Versailles outside Paris.
B. The Germans were ordered to sign the treaty drawn up by the Allies.
C. The German delegates read the document with growing horror.
20. Other Settlements
A. The leaders at Paris applied the principle of self-determination only to parts of Europe.
B. The treaties created a system of mandates.
C. A mandate is a territory that is administered by western power.
21. Hopes for Global Peace
A. The Paris Peace Conference offered one beacon of hope in the League of Nations.
B. In the aftermath of the war, millions of people looked to the league to ensure the peace.
C. More than 40 nations joined the league and agreed to negotiate disputes rather than resort to war.