Liceo Domingo Santa María

Electivo Ingles

Teacher Michael Rossel H.

CONNECTIVES

 

This handout is concerned with the general organization of a piece of academic writing (e.g. A report, an essay, an assignment, a project), its structure and particularly the way in which the different parts are linked together. The plan below of a piece of writing -in this case an essay- will help to explain the overall structure.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Connectives: The main connectives are grouped below according to the similarity of their maening with three basic connectives and, or, but.

 

1 and	a.       listing	1.     enumeration
		2.        addition	a.       reinforcement b.       equation
	b.       transition c.        summation d.       apposition e.       result f.         inference
2. or	g.       reformulation h.       replacement
3. but	i.         contrast j.         concession

 

	1. and

 

 

a.       Listing:

1.       Enumeration indicates a cataloguing of what is being said. Most enumerations belong to clearly defined sets:

 

 

 

 

  etc.

 

 

                                                                                                                             etc.

 

above all       = mark the end of an ascending order

first and most important(ly)      = mark the beginning of a descending order

 

       

 

 

 

 

 

2.       Addition to what has been previously indicated.

a.       Reinforcement (includes confirmation):

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

b.       Equation (similarity with what has preceded):

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

b.       Transition can lead to a new stage in the sequence of thought:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

               

                                                                              Often used when discussing something briefly

                                              

                              

 

 

                                                                                                                                                                            Indicates a digression

                                                                                                                                                                            and an afterthought

 

                               spoken language

 

 

                                                                                                                                                                            to introduce a digression

 

 

 

c.       Summation indicates a generalization or summing-up of what has preceded:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

d.       Apposition used to refer back to previous sentences or to parallel or related refernces:

 

i.e., that is, that’s to say

in other words

or, or rather, or better

and

as follows

e.g. for example, for instance, say, such as, including, included, specially, particularly, in particular, notably, chiefly, mainly, mostly (of)

 

 

e.       Result expresses the consequence or result of what was said before:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

f.         Inference indicates a deduction from what is implicit in the preceding sentence(s):

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

g.       Reformulation to express in other way:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

h.       Replacement to express an alternative to what has preceded:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

	3.  but

 

 

 

 

i.         Contrast with what has preceded:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

j.         Concession indicates the unexpected, surprising nature of what is being said in view of what was said before:

 

Besides (or) else However Nevertheless Nonetheless Notwithstanding Only Still While (al)though

Yet In any case At any rate For all that In spite of / despite After all At the same time On the other hand All the same Even if / though