9.2
Space
define
weight as the force on an object due to a gravitational field
define
gravitational potential energy as the work done to move an object from a very
large distance away to a point in a gravitational field
perform
an investigation and gather information to determine a value for acceleration
due to gravity using pendulum motion, computer assisted technology and/or other
strategies and explain possible sources of variations from the value 9.8 ms-2
gather
secondary information to identify the value of acceleration due to gravity on
other planets
analyse
information using the expression
to determine the weight force for a body
on Earth and the weight force for the same body on other planets Q1 & Q18(a) 1 mk
describe the trajectory of an object
undergoing projectile motion within the Earths gravitational field in terms of
horizontal and vertical components
describe Galileos analysis of projectile
motion
explain the concept of escape velocity in
terms of the:
gravitational
constant
mass and radius of the planet
discuss Newtons analysis of escape velocity
use the term g forces to explain the forces
acting on an astronaut during launch Q13
compare the forces acting on an astronaut
during launch with what happens during a roller coaster ride
discuss the impact of the Earths orbital
motion and its rotational motion on the launch of a rocket
analyse the changing acceleration of a rocket
during launch in terms of the:
Law
of Conservation of Momentum Q17 6mks
forces
experienced by astronauts Q5
analyse the forces involved in uniform
circular motion for a range of objects, including satellites orbiting the Earth
Q18(c) 3mks
compare qualitatively and quantitatively low Earth and geo-stationary orbits
solve
problems and analyse information to calculate the actual velocity of a
projectile from its horizontal and vertical components
solve
problems and analyse information using:
in relation to projectile motion
Q7 & Q15 & Q18(b) 2mks
perform a first-hand investigation, gather
secondary information and analyse data to describe factors, such as initial and
final velocity, maximum height reached, range, time of flight of a projectile,
and quantitatively calculate each for a range of situations by using
simulations, data loggers and computer analysis
identify data sources, gather and process
information from secondary sources to investigate conditions during launch and
use available evidence to and explain why the forces acting on an astronaut
increase to approximately 3W during the initial periods of the launch
identify data sources, gather, analyse and
present information on the contribution of Tsiolkovsky, Oberth, Goddard,
Esnault-Pelterie, ONeill or von Braun to the development of space exploration
perform an investigation that demonstrates that the closer a satellite is to its parent body, the faster it moves to maintain a stable orbit
discuss
the importance of Newtons Law of Universal Gravitation in understanding and
calculating the motion of satellites
describe
how a slingshot effect is provided by planets for space probes
account
for the orbital decay of satellites in low Earth orbit
discuss
issues associated with safe re-entry into the Earths atmosphere and landing on
the Earths surface
identify that there is an optimum angle for re-entry into the Earths atmosphere and the consequences of failing to achieve this angle
solve
problems and analyse information to calculate centripetal force acting on a
satellite undergoing uniform circular motion about the Earth
solve
problems and analyse information using:
plan,
choose equipment or resources for, and perform an investigation to model the
effect that removal of the Earths gravitational force would have on the
direction of satellite motion
plan, choose equipment or resources for, and perform a first-hand investigation to model the effect of friction and heat on a range of materials, including metals and ceramics
discuss
the limitation of current maximum velocities being too slow for extended space
travel to be viable
describe
difficulties associated with effective and reliable communications between
satellites and earth caused by:
distance
van Allen radiation belts
sunspot activity
gather, process, analyse and present information to compare the use of microwave and radiowave technology as effective communication strategies for space travel Q9
outline the features of the aether model for
the transmission of light
describe and evaluate the Michelson-Morley
attempt to measure the relative velocity of the Earth through the aether
discuss the role of critical experiments in
science, such as Michelson-Morleys, in making determinations about competing
theories Q19 4mks
outline the nature of inertial frames of
reference
discuss the principle of relativity
identify the significance of Einsteins
assumption of the constancy of the speed of light
recognise that if c is constant then space
and time become relative
discuss the concept that length standards
are defined in terms of time with reference to the original metre
identify the usefulness of discussing
space/time, rather than simple space
account for the need, when considering
space/time, to define events using four dimensions
explain qualitatively and quantitatively the
consequence of special relativity in relation to:
the
relativity of simultaneity
the
equivalence between mass and energy
length
contraction
time dilation Q16(a)
1mk
discuss the implications of time dilation and length contraction for space travel
perform
an investigation and gather first-hand or secondary data to model the
Michelson-Morley experiment
perform
an investigation to help distinguish between non-inertial and inertial frames
of reference
analyse
and interpret some of Einsteins thought experiments involving mirrors and
trains and discuss the relationship between thought and reality
analyse
information to discuss the relationship between theory and the evidence
supporting it, using Einsteins predictions based on relativity that were made
many years before evidence was available to support it
solve
problems and analyse information using:
and
Q16(b) 3mks
gather, process, analyse information and use available evidence to discuss the relative energy costs associated with space travel
9.3
Motors and Generators
identify that moving charged particles in a
magnetic field experience a force Q2
discuss the effect, on the magnitude of the
force on a current-carrying conductor, of variations in:
the strength of the magnetic field in
which it is located
the magnitude of the current in the
conductor
the length of the conductor in the
external magnetic field
the
angle between the direction of the
external magnetic field and the direction of the length
of the conductor Q14
describe qualitatively and quantitatively the
force on long parallel current-carrying conductors:
Q22(a) & (b) 3mks
define torque as the turning moment of a force
using:
identify
the forces experienced by a current-carrying loop in a magnetic field
and describe the net result of the forces
account for the motor effect due to the force
acting on a current-carrying conductor in a magnetic field
describe the main features of a DC electric
motor
discuss the importance of the invention of the
commutator for developing electric motors
describe the role of the metal split ring and
the brushes in the operation of the commutator
describe how the required magnetic fields can be produced either by current-carrying coils or permanent magnets
identify data sources, gather, analyse and
present information to discuss the Van Allen radiation belts as examples of
motion of charged particles in a field
perform a first-hand investigation to
demonstrate the motor effect Q22(c) 4mks
solve problems and analyse information about
the force on current-carrying conductors in magnetic fields using 
solve problems and analyse information about
simple motors using:
and
gather and process secondary information to
analyse the function of the parts of a commutator
identify data sources, gather and process
information to qualitatively describe the application of the motor effect in:
the galvanometer
the loudspeaker
outline Michael Faradays discovery of the generation
of an electric current by a moving magnet
define magnetic field strength B as magnetic
flux density
explain the concept of magnetic flux in
terms of magnetic flux density and surface area
explain generated potential difference as
the rate of change of magnetic flux through a circuit
account for Lenzs Law in terms of
conservation of energy and relate it to the production of back emf in motors Q21
3mks
explain that, in electric motors, back emf
opposes the supply emf Q10
apply Lenzs Law to the production of eddy currents
perform
an investigation to model the generation of an electric current by moving a
magnet in a coil or a coil near a magnet
plan,
choose equipment or resources for, and perform a first-hand investigation to
predict and verify by gathering and analysing information about the generated
electric current when:
-
the distance between the coil and magnet
is varied
-
the strength of the magnet is varied
- the relative motion between the coil and the magnet is varied
gather,
analyse and present information to explain
how the principle of induction applies to cooktops in electric ranges
gather secondary information to identify how eddy currents have been utilised in switching devices and electromagnetic braking Q8
identify the main components of a generator
compare the structure and function of a
generator to an electric motor
describe the operation of an AC and a DC
generator Q4
discuss the energy losses that occur as
energy is fed through transmission lines from the generator to the consumer
analyse the effects of the development of AC
and DC generators on society and the environment
Q23 6mks
assess evidence about the physiological effects on humans living near high voltage power lines
perform
first-hand investigations to produce direct
current using voltaic cells
plan,
choose equipment or resources for, and perform a first-hand investigation to
demonstrate the production of an alternating current
gather
secondary information to compare advantages and disadvantages of AC and DC
generators and relate these to their use
gather
and analyse information to identify how transmission lines are:
insulated from supporting structures
protected from lightning strikes
explain
the purpose and principles of transformers in electrical circuits
compare
step-up and step-down transformers
determine
the relationship between the ratio of the number of turns in the primary and
secondary coils and the ratio of primary to secondary voltage
explain
why voltage transformations are related to conservation of energy
explain
the role of transformers in electricity sub-stations
discuss
why some electrical appliances in the home that are connected to the mains
domestic power supply use a transformer
analyse the impact of the development of transformers on society
perform
an investigation to model the structure of a transformer to demonstrate how
secondary voltage is produced
solve
problems and analyse information about transformers using:
Q11
gather,
analyse and use available evidence to discuss how difficulties of heating
caused by eddy currents in transformers may be overcome
gather and analyse information and use
available evidence to assess the need for transformers in the transfer of
electrical energy from a power station to its point of use Q20
4mks
describe
the main features of an AC electric motor
explain
that AC motors usually produce low power and relate this to their use in power
tools
explain the advantages of induction motors
perform
an investigation to demonstrate the principle of an AC induction motor and
discuss why the majority of motors are AC induction motors
gather, process and analyse information to identify some of the energy transfers and transformations involving the conversion of electrical energy into more useful forms in the home and industry
9.4
From Ideas to Implementation
explain that cathode ray tubes allowed the
manipulation of a stream of charged particles
explain why the apparent inconsistent
behaviour of cathode rays caused debate as to whether they were charged
particles or electromagnetic waves
identify that charged plates produce an
electric field
describe quantitatively the force acting on
a charge moving through a magnetic field
discuss qualitatively the electric field
strength due to a point charge, positive and negative charges and oppositely
charged parallel plates
describe quantitatively the electric field
due to oppositely charged parallel plates
outline Thomsons experiment to measure the
charge/mass ratio of an electron
outline the role in a cathode ray tube of:
electrodes in the electron gun
the electric field
the fluorescent screen
outline applications of cathode rays in
oscilloscopes, electron microscopes and television sets
discuss the impact of increased understandings of cathode rays and the development of the oscilloscope on experimental physics
perform an investigation and gather first-hand information to observe the occurrence of different striation patterns for different pressures in discharge tubes
perform an investigation and gather first-hand information to demonstrate and identify properties using discharge tubes:
containing a maltese cross
containing electric plates
with a fluorescent display screen
containing a glass wheel and analyse the information gathered to determine the charge on the cathode rays
solve problem and analyse information using:
and
gather, analyse and process information on the use of electrically charged plates and point charges in photocopying machines and lightning conductors
gather secondary information to identify the use of magnetic fields in television sets
explain
qualitatively Hertzs experiments in measuring the speed of radio waves and how
they relate to light waves
describe
Hertzs observation of the effect of a radio wave on a receiver and the
photoelectric effect he produced but failed to investigate
outline
applications of the production of electromagnetic waves by oscillating electric
charges in radio antennae
identify
Plancks hypothesis that radiation emitted and absorbed by the walls of a black
body cavity is quantised
identify
Einsteins contribution to quanta and its relation to black body radiation
explain
the particle model of light in terms of photons with particular energy and
frequency
identify
the relationships between photon energy, frequency, speed of light and
wavelength:
and
perform
an investigation to demonstrate the production and reception of radio waves
perform
a first-hand investigation to demonstrate the photoelectric effect Q25
6mks
identify
data sources, gather, process and analyse information and use available
evidence to assess Einsteins contribution to quanta and their relation to
black body radiation
identify
data sources gather, process and present information to summarise the use of
the photoelectric effect in:
breathalysers
solar cells
photocells
solve
problems and analyse information using:
and
Q6
identify data sources, gather and process information to discuss Einstein and Plancks debate about whether science research is removed from social and political forces
describe
the de Broglie model of electrons in orbits around atoms
identify
that some electrons in solids are shared between atoms and move freely
describe
the difference between conductors, insulators and semiconductors in terms of
band structures and relative electrical resistance
identify
absences of electrons in a nearly full band as holes, and recognise that both
electrons and holes help to carry current
compare
qualitatively the relative number of free electrons that can drift from atom to
atom in conductors, semiconductors and insulators
identify
that the use of germanium in early transistors is related to lack of ability to
produce other materials of suitable purity
explain
why silicon became the preferred raw material for transistors
describe
how doping a semiconductor can change its electrical properties
identify
differences in p and n-type semiconductors in terms of the relative number of
negative charge carriers and positive holes
discuss differences between solid state and thermionic devices and discuss why solid state devices replaced thermionic devices
perform
an investigation to model the difference between conductors, insulators and
semiconductors in terms of band structures
perform an investigation to demonstrate a
model for explaining the behaviour of semiconductors, including the creation of
a hole or positive charge on the atom that has lost the electron and the
movement of electrons and holes in opposite directions when an electric field
is applied across the semiconductor Q26
8mks
gather,
process and present secondary information to discuss how shortcomings in
available technology lead to an increased knowledge of the properties of
materials with particular reference to the invention of the transistor
gather,
process and analyse secondary information to describe the relationship in solar
cells between the photoelectric effect, semiconductors, electric fields and
current
identify data sources, gather, process, analyse information and use available evidence to assess the impact of the invention of transistors on society with particular reference to their use in microchips and microprocessors
outline
the methods used by the Braggs to determine crystal structure and assess the impact of their contribution to an
understanding of crystal structure Q24 6mks
explain
that metals possess a crystal lattice structure
identify
that the conducting properties of metals are related to the large number of
electrons able to drift through their crystal lattice structure
discuss
the relationship between drift velocity and:
the density of electrons
the cross sectional
area of wire
the electronic charge
discuss
how the lattice impedes the paths of electrons causing heat to be generated
identify
that superconductors, while still having lattices, allow the electrons to pass
through unimpeded with no energy loss at particular temperatures Q3
explain
current theory that suggests that
superconductors are conducting materials that, at specific temperatures,
force electrons to pair and, through interactions with the crystal lattice, are
ultimately able to form an unimpeded orderly stream Q12
discuss
the advantages of using superconductors and identify current limitations to
their use
plan,
choose equipment or resources for, and perform a first-hand investigation to
observe the heating effects of current in a range of conductors
process
information to identify some of the metals, metal alloys and compounds that
have been identified as exhibiting the property of superconductivity and the
critical temperatures at which they operate
perform
an investigation and gather first-hand information to observe magnetic
levitation and the way the magnet is held in position by superconducting
material
analyse
information about magnetic levitation to explain why a magnet is able to hover
above a superconducting material that has reached the temperature at which it
is superconducting
gather
and process information to describe how superconductors and the effects of
magnetic fields have been applied to develop the maglev train
gather
and process information to discuss possible applications of superconductivity
and the effects of those applications on computers, generators and motors and
transmission of electricity through power
grids
process information to recall the states of matter and their properties and debate whether superconductivity is a new state