Liver

Author: Dr. R. Menaka

.....................................................................................................................................................................................

            The liver is covered by a thin coat of peritoneum, the capsule serosa and below this layer there is another thin layer of loose connective tissue layer, known as Glisson�s capsule. The section of liver is manifested by lobular structure. This forms morphological unit - lover lobule or hepatic lobule or classic lobule. In domestic mammals and man these lobules are not sharply defined structures but their boundaries are indicated by the regular intervals between the vessels. The liver lobules make up the parenchyma, which are the smallest functional units. Between the lobules, we find an additional structure is portal triad, consists of hepatic artery, portal vein and bile ducts. The liver cells are arranged in laminae. They radiate from the central vein. The bile canaliculi present between the hepatic cells. Bile canaliculi opens into the bile ductules (canals of Herring). The interlaminar space is occupied with the hepatic sinusoids.  The lumens of sinusoids have endothelial cells and Kupffer cells. The kupffer cells are directly exposed to the portal blood and able to remove foreign matter quickly. Their marked phagocytic properties protect the liver and the whole organism against noxious substances.

Pancreas - serous gland

It consists of exocrine and endocrine portion.

         Exocrine portion is surrounded by a capsule made up of dense irregular connective tissue. Trabecuale divided the gland into lobes and lobules.The endocrine portion is surrounded by reticular fibers. Acinar units formed by pyramidal cells which contain zymogen granules in the apical cytoplasm. These are basophilic in nature. The centroacinar cells are present in the acini. Intercalated duct is lined by small cuboidal cells. The endocrine portion contains A cells, B cells, C cells, D cells and F cells.