A. Reinforcement is the use of rewards and punishments to
influence behavior, to increase the probability that a similar behavior will be
repeated.
Key
point: individuals are motivated to
obtain rewards and to avoid failure, pain, disappointment, or unpleasant
outcomes.
B. There are two main ways to influence behavior focusing on
the “consequences.” You can reward
appropriate behavior or you can punish inappropriate behavior.
Most
people including coaches, teachers, etc.
Use a combination of the two.
C. Using positive
consequences: “catching the person doing good”
Choosing
reinforcers: reinforcement is subjective
Types
of reinforcers: extrinsic and intrinsic (e.g., pride, personal satisfaction)
Timing
of reinforcement
Scheduling
of reinforcement: continuous schedule;
intermittent schedule
Shaping
or “successive approximations”
Rewarding performance not outcome
Rewarding effort
D. Importance of feedback and reinforcement for a specific behavior;
helps in goal-setting
E. Punishment-will influence behavior but will have other side effects as well
Loss of motivation
Embarrassment
May be reinforcing for someone seeking attention
May increase anxiety or impact concentration and cause performance declines
F. The “A-B-C” model. Bringing in antecedents.
G.
The social learning model.
Bringing in expectation of reinforcement.
H.
Basic elements of behavior modification applied to sport
Recording behaviors
Charting outcomes
Question: How can one use behavior modification to teach an eight-year-old
to hit a baseball at a batting cage?
What must be done so that the skill is demonstrated at an actual game?
I. Intrinsic motivation (satisfaction,
knowledge, accomplishment, stimulation)
J.
Extrinsic motivation may cause declines in intrinsic motivation
(issues-magnitude of reward, who controls the reward)