Chronology
- 1200-Prince Roman of Galicia and Volhania defeats Kumans. Novgorod defeated
by Vsevolod III of Suzdal.
- 1203-Prince Rurik (Russian) with Kuman allies attack and sack Kiev.
Epidemic among animals in Novgorod.
- 1204-April, Crusaders sack Constantinople, set up Latin Kingdom. Prince
Roman of Galicia defeats Kumans.
- 1205-Prince Roman dies in battle with Poles.
- 1206-Temujin, Mongol prince recognized as great khan, Genghis Khan.
- 1207-Genghis Khan conquers forest peoples north of Mongolia. Al Rumi born.
- 1209-Genghis Khan defeated Kingdom of Xi Xia on China's northwest frontier.
- 1211-Genghis Khan invades China, also destroys Kara-Khitai Empire in
Turkestan. Fire in Novgorod destroys 15 churches, 4300 homes. Vsevolod III
reconfirms Novgorod's right to select its Prince
- 1212-Vsevolod III of the Big Nest, Prince of Rostov-Suzdal dies. Children's
Crusade fails.
- 1215-Genghis Khan captures Peking. Grain scarce in Novgorod. Rostov burns.
- 1216-Novgorod defeats princes of Suzdal.
- 1217-20-Fifth Crusade fails.
- 1218-Kara-Khitai empire submits to Mongols.
- 1219-Genghis Khan captures Bukhara.
- 1220-Alexander Nevski born (?). Genghis Khan captures and destroys Bukhara,
Samarkand.
- 1221-Georgians repel Mongols. Kumans help Russian Prince Mstislav oust
Hungarians and Poles from Galicia, Daniel Romanovich becomes prince of
Galicia. Mongols invade India. Yaroslavl burns. Novgorodian army raids
German settlements nearRiga.
- 1222-Mongols defeat combined Russian-Kuman Army near Kalka, Sea of Azov.
- 1227-Teutonic Knights receive grant of land in Poland. August 18 Genghis
Khan dies, succeeded by Ogodai. Batu, Genghis' grandson, deeded Kazakstan
and Russia.
- 1228-29-Sixth Crusade, Frederick II takes Jerusalem by marriage and treaty.
- 1229-First Teutonic Knights invited by Poles to fight pagan Prussia.
- 1230-Famine in Novgorod. Teutonic Knights begin conquest of Prussia. Ogodai
elected Great Khan.
- 1231-Mongols conquer Korea.
- 1234-Mongols complete conquest of Chin Empire. Ogodai founds capital of
Karakorum.
- 1235-Mongol council agrees to four front campaign: reconquest of Korea,
South China, Middle East, and Europe.
- 1236-Mongols destroy Volga Bulgars. Yuri Vsevolodovich dies, his brother,
Yaroslav becomes Grand Prince.
- 1237-Prince Daniel of Galicia Crowned. Estonia taken by Danes. Teutonic and
Livonian Crusaders form union. Mongols invade Northern Russia, destroy
Riazan.
- 1238-Mongols take Vladimir. Mongols defeat princes of Northern Russia near
Yaroslav, Grand Prince Yuri II killed. Mongols turn away from Novgorod at
spring thaw, retire to Don Basin. Assassins send messages to Europe asking
for help against Mongols
- 1239-Vladimir pays tribute to Mongols. Kumans conquered, 40,000 flee
Mongols, are allowed to resettle in Hungary. Mongols conquer Georgia.
- 1240-Alexander Nevski defeats Swedes at River Neva. Mongols sack and
destroy Kiev, overrun Galicia.
- 1241-Mongols sack Crackow, defeat Poles, Silesians, and Teutonic Knights,
overrun Poland and Hungary. Teutonic Knights capture Pskov. Mongols
recapture Korea. Alexander Nevski invited to return to Novgorod, expels
Teutonic Knights. Ogodai dies, his widow Toregene is made regent. Mongols
capture Budapest.
- 1242-Mongols evacuate Eastern Europe, overrunning Bulgaria, Wallachia and
Moldovia en route. Batu returns to Karakorum. On April 5, Alexander Nevski
defeats Teutonic knights on Lake Peipus.
- 1243-Mongols form Golden Horde.
- 1244-Moslems recapture Jerusalem, Seventh Crusade declared.
- 1245-Daniel of Galicia defeats Prince of Chernigov, makes submission to
Batu Khan. John of Pian de Carpine, envoy of the Pope, visits Mongol
capital.
- 1246-Batu's vassals summoned to the court of Guyuk. They include the
Russian prince, Seljuk sultan, and Georgian King. Guyuk installed as Khan.
Grand Prince Yaroslav dies of poison at Karakorum; Sviatoslav becomes Grand
Prince. Alexander Nevski and Andrei (sons of Yaroslav) summoned to court of
Batu Khan.
- 1247-Alexander Nevski appointed Prince of Kiev, Andrei appointed Prince of
Suzdal. Mongols conduct census of Kiev and Chernigov.
- 1248-Sviatoslav dies, Andrei becomes Grand Prince. Khan Guyuk dies.
- 1250-Seventh crusade invades Egypt, many die of plague. The crusaders are
defeated and King Louis captured.
- 1251-Mongke becomes Khan. Alexander Nevski summoned to capital of Golden
Horde, Andrei refuses to go.
- 1252-New Mongol census. Suzdal, under Andrei, rebels against Mongols,
Andrei is either killed or flees. Alexander is conciliatory, quells
rebellion, and avoids mass reprisals. Alexander becomes Grand Prince
- 1253-William of Rubruck visits Mongols. Daniel of Galicia crowned by the Pope.
- 1254-Marco Polo born.
- 1255-Batu Khan dies.
- 1256-Mongols destroy Assassins. Mongols ousted from Volhania by Daniel of
Galicia, Alexander Nevski summoned to capital of Golden Horde, new census,
conscription.
- 1258-Mongols storm and loot Baghdad. Mongols raid Galicia and Volhania.
Lithuanians spread into devastated region. Mongol census of Novgorod. The
city, near rebellion, quieted by Alexander Nevski.
- 1259-Mongke Khan dies.
- 1260-Kublai proclaimed khan. Mongol army defeated by Egyptian sultan
(Mamluk) at Galilee.
- 1261-Latin (Crusader) Kingdom at Constantinople overthrown, Byzantine
Empire restored. Mongol Nogay attacks Byzantines, negotiates peace.
- 1262-Uprising in Suzdal, Alexander Nevski visits Khan to plead for
clemency. Maffio and Niccolo Polo arrive in China. Lithuanians raid Galicia.
- 1262-War begins between Golden Horde, allied with Egyptian Caliphate,
against Mongols in Middle East.
- 1263-Alexander Nevski dies at Volga during return journey, Yaroslav III of
Tver, his brother, becomes Grand Prince. Daniel of Galicia dies, Leo
becomes prince.
- 1264-Peking declared Mongol capital.
- 1266-Berke Khan of Golden Horde dies, succeeded by Mangu-Temir.
- 1267-Kublai Khan begins campaign against South China. Nogay forms Horde on
lower Danube.
- 1271-Marco Polo leaves for China.
- 1272-Grand Prince Yaroslav of Tver dies, succeeded by his brother Vasili.
- 1273-Al-Rumi dies. Nogay marries daughter of the Byzantine emperor.
- 1274-Mongols fail to take Japan.
- 1275-Marco Polo arrives in court of Kublai Khan, Nestorian Christians
convert members of the Mongol court. New Mongol census.
- 1276-Grand Prince Vasili dies, succeeded by Dmitri.
- 1279-Kublai Khan completes conquest of South China.
- 1280-Death of Mangu-Temir Khan of Golden Horde, brother Tuda-Mangu succeeds
him. Nogay assumes joint rule in Russia as Khan of the Nogay Horde (between
the Dneiper and Danube rivers). Horde ravages Vladimir. Grand Prince Dmitri
replaced by Mongols with Andrew.
- 1281-Mongols fail to take Japan a second time.
- 1282-Mongols raid Halich, attack Poland. Il-Khan Ahmad, of the Mongol Horde
in the Middle East, converts to Islam.
- 1283-Grand Prince Andrew flees Vladimir after uprising. Nogay supports
restoration of Dmitri. Tuda Mangu, Khan of the Golden Horde converts to
Islam.
- 1285-Nogay raids Transylvania, Tele-Buga attacks Slovakia.
- 1286-Nogay raids Poland and loots Galicia.
- 1287-Tuda-Mangu abdicates, succeeded by Tele-Buga. Rabban Sauma, Nestorian
monk of Peking, visits European courts as Mongol envoy.
- 1288-Tele-Buga attacks Middle Eastern Mongols.
- 1289-Envoy of Pope, John of Monte Corvino, sent to Khan
- 1291-Nogay deposes and kills Tele-Buga, proclaims Tokhta Khan of the Golden
Horde. Andrew confirmed as Grand Prince. Eighth Crusade, last Franks thrown
out of Syria, Acre falls to the Muslim armies.
- 1293-Tokhta ravages Vladimir and Moscow, reestablishes Andrew as Grand
Prince. Nogay invades Serbia. War between Venice and Genoa, Nogay and
Tokhta support opposing parties. Mongols fail to take Java
- 1294-Kublai Khan dies, succeeded by grandson Temur.
- 1295-Marco Polo imprisoned by Genoese.
- 1296-Marco Polo returns to Venice. Rulers of Cambodia and Burma swear
fealty to Mongols.
- 1296-Rebellion against Il-Khans by Seljuk Turks.
- 1298-Nogay ravages Genoese Crimean colonies after defeating Tokhta. Marco
Polo publishes accounts of his travels to Tartary and China.
- 1299-Tokhta kills Nogay, reunites Golden Horde.
- 1300-Ottoman Turks drive into Western Turkey. Russian Metropolitan church
moves from Kiev to Vladimir
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