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    !    W THE"OLDCHARGES"   	       ByWaIlaceMeLeod  Bro.WallaceMcLeodisamemberandPastMasterofMizpahLodge#572,Toronto,Canada,andofQuatuor   	 X   CoronatiLodge#2076,London,England;andistheGrandHistorianoftheGrandLodgeofCanadaintheProvinceofOntario.  ̀TheChargesofaFreemason.InourConstitution(Ontario)inSection371,wereadthewords.'EverynewlyinitiatedcandidateshallhepresentedwithacopyoftheBookofConstitution..."OnehopesthatanewMasonwillbecomefamiliarwithourregulationsbyreadingthroughthisbookButifhedoesso,hemaybepuzzledbythefirstsectionofPartVI,whichisentitled,"TheChargesofaFreemason.ExtractedfromtheAncientRecordsofLodgesthroughouttheWorld,fortheuseofLodges"̀Inthissection,hewillfindsomepartsthatsoundfamiliar.abitliketheritual"ThepersonsmadeMasonsandadmittedmembersofalodgemustbegoodandtruemen..freeborn,andofamatureanddiscreetageandsoundjudgment,nobondsmen.nowomen,noimmoralorscandalousmen,butofgoodreport"̀Butwhatishetomakeofotherportions?"TheMaster,knowinghimselftoheableofcunningshallundertakethelord'sworkasreasonablyaspossible."̀Suchrulesasthiscannotapplyinanyliteralsenseofmostofus.WhythenaretheyprintedforeveryMason?Thereasonishis-torical.Initspresentformmostofthewordingofthissectiongoesbacktwohundredandseventy-fiveyears.In1723.theReverendJamesAnderson,withtheapprovalofhisGrandLodge,publishedthemostinfluentialworkonMasonryeverprinted.ThefirstbookofTheConstitutionsoftheFree-Masons.HeincludedasectioncalledtheChargesofaFree-Mason,extractedfromTheancientRecordsoflodgesbeyondSea,andofthoseinEngland,Scotland,andIreland,fortheUseoftheLodgesinLondon."Apartfromanumberoftinychanges,themodernwordingisidentical.̀Anderson'sSources.Butheretoowemustaskthesamequestion.WhydidthisbookofConstitutions.designedfornonoperativeMasons,includerulesthatapplytooperativemasons?AndwheredidAndersonfindthismaterial?ThesecondeditionofhisConstitutions,printedin1738.tellsabitmoreattheAnnualFestivalon24June1718,whentheGrandLodgewasoneyearold,theGrandMaster"desiredanyBrethrentobringtotheGrandLodgeanyoldWritingsandRecordsconcerningMasonsandMasonryinordertoshowtheUsagesofancientTimes;AndthisYearseveraloldCopiesoftheGothicConstitutionswereproducedandcollated."̀AndinSeptember1721,theGrandMasterandtheGrandLodge,"findingFaultwithalltheCopiesoftheoldGothicConstitutions,order'dBrotherJamesAnderson.A.M.todigestthesameinanewandbetterMethod."TheendresultofhislabourswasthebookofConstitutions,whichwasdulyapprovedbytheGrandLodge,andprintedin1723.AndJamesAndersondidmakeuseoftheoldmanuscriptsthathecalled"TheOldGothicConstitutions."Wecantellfromthewordingofhistextthatbythetimeofhissecondeditionbehadobtainedaccesstoatleastsixofthem,andthathequotedandparaphrasedthemquiteextensively.̀TheOldCharges:Number,Date,Location,Form.Butwhatarethese"OldGothicConstitutions"alsoknownasthe"OldCharges"andthe"OldManuscriptConstitutions"?Inall,119copieshavesurvived,allgoingbacktothesameoriginal,andtherearereferencesto15morethatarelost.Newversionsareturningupallthetime;Inthelasttenyears,sixmorehavecometoourattentioǹNearlytwo-thirdsofthemareearlierthanthefirstGrandLodgeof1717-perhapsasmanyas75.Fifty-fivegobackbefore1700Fourwerewrittenabout1600,oneisdated1583,oneisabout1400or1410,andonegoesallthewaybackto1390̀MostarelocatedinEngland;Londonalonehasmorethanfifty.ThirteenareinScotland-noneofthemearlierthan1650;fourareintheUnitedStates;onewaslastheardofinGermany;andonehaswanderedtoCanada-theScarboroughManuscript.ofabout1700.   	 .h)5   ЀTheOldChargespresentvariousaspects.Aboutfourteenareknownonlyfromprintedtranscripts.Afewarewrittenonseparatesheetsofpaperorvellum;aboutthirty-threearewrittenonsheetsthatarefastenedtogetherinbookform;butthetypicalform.representedbymorethanfiftyversions,isascrollorrollofpaperorparchment,betweenthreeandfourteenincheswide,andanythinguptofourteenandahalffeetinlength.̀Contents.Letussummarizethecontents.withareviewtypicalexamplesofthewording.̀TheynearlyallbeginwithanInvocation:"ThemightoftheFatherofHeaven,withthewisdomofthegloriousSon,throughthegraceandgoodnessoftheHolyGhost,thatbethreepersonsinoneGodhead,bewithusatourbeginning,andgiveusgracesotogovernushereinourlivingthatwemaycometoHisblissthatnevershallhaveending.Amen.'̀Thencomesanannouncementofthepurposeandcontents,followedbyabriefdescriptionoftheSevenLiberalArtsorSciences.oneofwhichisGeometry,orMasonry.ThenwehaveaproofofthefundamentalnatureofGeometry.̀[ThenthereisanextendedTraditionalHistoryofGeometry,Masonry,andArchitecture,takingupoverhalfofthetext.ItisbasedinthefirstinstanceontheBible.Theartofbuildingwasinvented,wearetold,beforeNoah'sFloodbyJabalandmetalfoundingwasdiscoveredbyhisbrotherTubal-cain.TheyknewthatGodwouldsenddestructionforsinsotheywrotetheirartsonTwoGreatPillars,thatwerefoundaftertheFlood.ThenwehearaboutNimrodandtheTowerofBabel:andhowAbrahamwenttoEgyptandtaughttheLiberalArtsandsciencestotheEgyptians;andhowhehadastudentEuclid;andthenhowKingDavidlovedMasonswell;howSolomonbuilttheTemple,withliehelpofKingHiramandhisMasterBuilder.OnemanwhoworkedatSolomon'sTemplelaterwenttoFrance,andtaughtthearttoCharlesMartel;subsequentlytheCraft.wasbroughttoEngland,inthetimeofSaintAlban:andfinallyabouttheyear930,PrinceEdwincalledagreatassemblyofMasonsinthecityofYork,andestablishedtheregulationsused"fromthatdayuntilthistime."]̀(Note:Readthissectionasanancientdocument,butremembertheevolutionofMasonryisnothistoricallyaccurate.)̀Nextwehavethemanneroftakingtheoath:"ThenletoneoftheeldersholdtheBook,sothatheortheymayplacetheirhandsupontheBook,andthentherulesoughttoberead."̀Thencomestheadmonition:"EverymanthatisaMasontakerightgoodheedtothesecharges,ifthatyoufindyourselvesguiltyinanyofthese,thatyoumayamendyouagainstGod.Andespeciallyyethataretobecharged,takegoodheedthatyemaykeepthesecharges,foritisagreatperilforamantoforeswearhimselfuponaBook."̀NextcometheregulationsorChargesproper.Somearetoadministerthetrade:"NoMastershalltakeuponhimnolord'swork,nornootherman'swork,butthatheknowhimselfableandcunningtoperformthesame..."Thesearetheonesthatarestillquotedin"TheChargesofaFreeMason."Othersdonotconcerntrademattersatall,butareintendedtoregulatebehavior.Nodoubttheywereessentialinacommunityoftradesmenwhowerethrowntogetherincloseproximityfortwenty-fourhoursaday.Still,theyareunexpected,andservetomarkthemasonslodgeasdifferentfrommostothercraftorganizations."NoFellow[isto]slanderanotherbehindhisback.tomakehimlosehisgoodnameorhisworldlygoods."Andalsothat"noMasonshallplayathazardoratdice."̀FinallycomestheOath:"Thesechargesthatwehaverehearsed.andallotherthatbelongtoMasonry,yeshallkeep,sohelpyouGodandHalidom,andbythisBooktoyourpower.Amen."̀Whatweretheyusedfor?Initsmostcommonversion,thetextisabout3,500wordslong.Tocopyitoutbyhandrepresentsasubstantialinvestmentofeffort,andyetitwascopiedrepeatedly.InthecircumstancesitisfairtoaskwhattheOldChargeswereusedfor.Tobeginwith,therulesandordersservedapracticalpurpose.TheyclearlywereintendedtoregulatetheCraft.   	 .h)5   ЀWealsoknowthatoccasionallythemanuscriptsweretreatedlikeaWarrantorConstitution.OneearlyScottishlodgehadacopyoftheOldCharges,writtenonasinglesheetofparchmenthadbeenmountedandframed,andthemembersbelievedthattheirmeetingswouldnotbelegalunlessitwasexhibitedinthelodgeroom.   ̀Inasense,theOldChargesalsoservedasTheWork,becausetheydescribedcertainproceduresthatweretobefollowedwhenanymanwasmadeaMason,andtheyincludedlittlebitsofritual,suchastheInvocationandtheObligation.   ̀Weseethenthattheyprovidedordinance,authority,andritual,threepracticalmatters.Butaswelltheymusthavehada   psychologicaleffect.TheyinculcatedinmasonsasenseofrespectandreverencefortheircraftTheytoldhowit %      wentbackbeforetheFlood,howitwasconnectedwithfamousbuildingsinthesacredWritings,andhowitcouldnumberamongitsvotariesevenmonarchsthemselves.Thiswasnoserviletradeofrecentdevising,butanancientandhonorableinstitution.