UNTRODDEN PATHS

MASONIC RESEARCH

BY

BRO. GILBERT W. DAYNES.

FORWARD

The prudent explorer, having selected the area to which
he is next to devote his attention, proceeds to study
beforehand whatever is already known of its topography.
Not only must he have a definite aim in his own
investigations, but he must he well-informed as to what
has in fact been discovered and mapped if he is not to
waste his energies. Bro. Gilbert Daynes has given us a
chart of the wide field of Masonic Research, and
indicated not merely the known ground, but the many
blank areas, some of which earlier draughtsmen had
filled in with fabulous monsters. The perusal of this
little work cannot fail to stimulate some of its
readers to take up a study which, I can well assure
them, will in time become, as its author says, an
absorbing and life-long interest.

LIONEL VIBERT.

PREFACE.

INSEPARABLY bound up with the elucidation of the
history of Freemasonry is the subject of Masonic
Archaeology and Research. From time to time lectures
have been given upon this important subject, and have
been printed in the Transactions of the Lodges before
whom they have been delivered; but they are not readily
accessible to the average Mason. Also, although some
Students are able to obtain advice and assistance, as
to study and research, from one or other of those
Brethren, whose names are famous in Masonic Literature!
vet there is a vast number of young Freemasons who
possess no such opportunities and advantages. It is to
fill these gaps, and with the hope of interesting those
potential recruits to the army of workers in Masonic
Archaeology, stimulating their interest into activity,
and giving them some guidance upon research work in
general, that this book has been written.

No attempt has been made to treat the subject
exhaustively, nor to settle any of those debatable
problems which still await solution. A few broad lines
of investigation have been indicated for each selected
period of Masonic history, while questions bearing more
indirectly upon the subject-matter have been, either
merely hinted at, or left to suggest themselves to the
Student as he proceeds.

That this book may be of some real help and value to
the ever increasing body of thoughtful Masons, and that
each one who reads the following pages may find therein
at least one suggested subject for research, of
sufficient interest to induce him actively to study it
in all its aspects, with satisfaction to himself and
successful results to the Fraternity, is the sincere
desire and earnest wish of the Author.

GILBERT W. DAYNES.

The Untrodden Paths of Masonic Research.

CHAPTER I.

The Fascination of Research.

"There are those, I know, who under-rate the importance
of Masonic Archaeology, as compared with the
promulgation of Masonic principles. But to me let the
New be ever so good, the Old is better, and nothing is
so delightful as to be able to trace the growth of the
Present from its roots in the Past, and the
relationship of Is to Was."

--C. C. HOWARD in A.Q.C., Vol. IV., p. 216.

IT is undoubtedly true that a great many prominent
Freemasons are peculiarly captivated by the subject of
Masonic Research, and I will point out how it is that
this subject does possess that curious attraction, how
the pursuit of it may be developed, and how, after
having developed it upon the right lines, it may be
utilized for the enjoyment of the individual and the
advantage of the whole Craft.

Although what attracts one person may fail to interest
another, yet, in the majority of cases, the fascination
of Research work is of a similar type to that which
permeates those embarking upon voyages of discovery, or
those seeking, by excavation or otherwise, to draw
aside the curtains which obscure the ancient past. That
men, in all ages, have undergone dangers and
difficulties in such pursuits is too well known for me
to dilate upon. In Masonic Research there are no
dangers, unless perhaps when investigating the customs
or ceremonies of certain of the Eastern Peoples but
there are certainly difficulties to be encountered and
overcome; and Students, who have started upon the
enquiry, invariably press steadily forward towards
their goal, as their Brethren do in the more hazardous
tasks.

Many of us, perhaps, have envied Nansen, Scott, or
Amundsen, amongst the many explorers, in the
opportunities they have had to gratify their desires.
even although death itself unfortunately overtook one
of them. Perhaps, also, we have longed to have been a
Sir Flinders Petrie or Lord Carnarvon, carrying out
epoch-making excavations in Egypt. In those and other
similar cases a considerable expenditure of money and
ample time have been essential for their successful
prosecution In Masonic Research, however, we have vast
tracts awaiting exploration at our very doors, which
require neither a considerable outlay of fortune nor a
great amount of leisure, but possessing big
possibilities for the Explorer. There is, in this
country alone, so much to investigate relating to
Masonic History, and so many ways in which such
investigation can be carried on, that each Student can
easily find something useful upon which to turn his
attention.

To return, however, to the fascination of Masonic
Research, just reflect for one moment upon the Mason
when he alights upon his first discovery. What an
exhilarating feeling it will produce in that fortunate
individual ! Here is some fact, which has laid
concealed under the dust of ages, now, for the first
time, brought to light for the benefit of the Craft.
What will its effect be upon existing knowledge? Will
it alter the conclusions already deduced from the
previously known, but incomplete data ? These, and many
like thoughts, will doubtless flit across the Student's
mind, only to be answered fully after the discovery has
been published to the Masonic world, and the experts in
the realms of Masonic Archaeology have passed it under
careful review.

It must not, however, be supposed that one is always
finding items of information of supreme importance,
which will in themselves change theories into facts, or
perhaps falsify previous conclusions. Such finds only
come occasionally, but no fresh fact is valueless; nor
can it be entirely disregarded by the Masonic
investigator. Each new discovery must have some effect
upon the existing stock of information, and is wanted
by those, who, by deep study and research, have earned
for themselves, the coveted title of "Masonic
Historian. " Facts, very often small in themselves,
have marvellous cumulative effect, and, coupled with
other facts discovered by those carrying on similar
research work elsewhere, add very materially to the sum
total of Masonic knowledge.

That what I have just stated is correct may be proved
by going over the discoveries in Freemasonry during the
last fifty years, and noting how much has been brought
to light, bit by bit, from the time when there was a
great scarcity of known Masonic material to the present
day. Well repaid by the results achieved has that
earnest and persevering band of pioneers been in
clearing away the mists of doubt and conjecture, and
letting in the light of historical accuracy.

I will now particularize one or two of those more
important discoveries, which have altered materially
the History of the Craft. It was Bro. Dr. Chetwode
Crawley who, searching in the Library of Trinity
College, Dublin, unearthed the Manuscript of the Tripos
of Midsummer, 1688, from which we may now deduce with
certainty that, as far back as that year and
inferentially still earlier, there was in existence, in
Dublin, a system of Speculative Masonry similar to that
which we already knew existed in England in the 17th
century. Again, the many facts collected together by
Bro. Henry Sadler, in his well-known book, "Masonic
Facts and Fictions, " entirely altered the preexisting
notions of the circumstances leading to the formation
of the Grand Lodge according to the Old Constitutions
(or Antients), in 1751, and the part taken in that
event by Irish Masons residing in London. Or, think of
Bro. Edward Conder, when, on going through the Records
of the Worshipful Company of Masons of the City of
London--a long and laborious task--he discovered
distinct traces of Speculative Masonry, dating back to
A.D. 1620, more than twenty-five years earlier than the
then first known Initiation in an English Lodge. There
are also the many discoveries made by our Lodge
Historians, when searching the Records of their
respective Lodges. For instance, there are the Records
of the Lodge founded in Lincoln, in A. D. 1730, and
meeting at the Saracen's Head, which, upon careful
examination by Bro. William Dixon, disclosed facts,
previously unnoticed, upon which Bro. R. F. Gould came
to the conclusion that Martin Clare wrote the "Defence
of Freemasonry" (published 1730), and not Dr. James
Anderson, as many previously thought.

With regard to small facts that can usefully he brought
to notice, I well remember my own feelings when reading
a Volume of the Records of the City of Norwich, and
coming across a copy of a contract between the City and
a Freemason, named John Marwe. Those feelings were
intensified when I found that a transcript of the
contract, with some biographical notes upon that
Freemason, was accepted for publication in the
Transactions of the Quatuor Coronati Lodge. The Book of
Records I had been reading had been published more than
thirteen years previously, but the contract had never
before been noticed in relation to Masonic Research.

To the young Mason who would acquire for himself a
pursuit for those days when his arm is weary of
wielding the racquet or the bat, and he can no longer
enjoy to the full those out-door recreations, I say,
and say most emphatically, cultivate Masonic Research,
and the study of the Literature of Freemasonry. Both
are connected so closely that they cannot be studied
apart. Make a start in both departments, and let the
pursuits themselves be their own advocates. They will,
I am sure, be far more persuasive than any words can
ever be, because once a start is made the Student will
never leave or desert these studies. Its fascination
will grow, and the desire to continue its pursuit will
permeate his whole being. It will carry him on from
success to success; for to the diligent worker, sooner
or later, success must come. With each success the
longing to know more, and to extend his studies and
researches, will also come; and he will learn more
clearly to recognize and to separate the gold from the
dross in all the ore he excavates. Besides all this he
will have acquired for himself an absorbing life-long
interest, and a hobby for all time.

The Mason who is content to visit his Lodge
occasionally, and is satisfied with that, remains
asleep, as the pioneer, alluded to by our Brother
Rudyard Kipling, in those fine verses, "The Explorer":-
-

"Till a voice, as bad as Conscience, rang interminable
changes
On one everlasting Whisper, day and night repeated so:
Something hidden. Go and find it. Go and look behind
the Ranges--
Something lost behind the Ranges. Lost and waiting for
you. Go !

May every Mason who has not already started upon the
Trail, also hear that whisper, and, like the explorer
just referred to, undeterred by any initial
difficulties, Go. Let each one go in search of lost
Masonic History, which lies hidden away only waiting to
be found by those who leave the idle crowd, and Go.


CHAPTER II.

The Possibilities of Masonic Research.

"Do not for a moment think that the work is done, for
although much has already been accomplished in the
realm of Masonic archaeology, there is still ample
scope for further research "--J.T. THORP in A.Q.C.,
Vol. XXI., p. 261.

IF the Mason, after joining the Brotherhood, takes to
heart that injunction laid upon him at the close of the
Charge to the E.A., he will naturally inquire how he
can comply with its terms. Putting on one side the
practice of every moral and social virtue, which
affords ample scope in most of us for improvement, let
us consider how Masonic knowledge can be increased. At
first, almost universally, attention is paid to the
Ceremonies of the Degrees, and it is in acquiring an
intimate knowledge of our Ritual that an
inquisitiveness is created, and a desire springs up, to
learn something of the earlier doings of the Craft. The
young Mason gradually realizes that he must do more
than attend the meetings of his Lodge, or Lodge of
Instruction, if he is to appreciate truly the value of
Freemasonry, and understand the principles underlying
Craft teaching. It is brought home to him that in order
to perfect himself he must acquire, what may be termed,
Masonic Culture, and that this is equally as essential
in Freemasonry as in literature or any other of the
liberal arts and sciences. Just as, in order to gain an
adequate knowledge of literature or art we must
carefully study its principles and learn to
discriminate between what is good and bad; so also to
appreciate Freemasonry we must study its principles and
its history in the same careful manner.

Fifty years ago Masonic Culture was at a low ebb, and
very few Masons took any interest in the past events of
their Fraternity. Those that did had to be content with
histories and works containing much that was erroneous,
and much for which no proof existed. However, the
spirit of inquiry woke up gradually from its earlier
somnolence, particularly after that celebrated and
world-famed Lodge--the Quatuor Coronati Lodge, No.
2076-was consecrated in 1886, to be followed by the
Lodge of Research, No. 2429, and many Associations for
Research. Great strides have been made since then in
Masonic Research, and the past of Freemasonry has for
many years been treated with strict regard for accuracy
and truth.

At first the young Mason is advised to study the
history of Freemasonry in its broad outlines before
branching off into side issues. During this period he
will undoubtedly find some portions of the history more
interesting than others; and, as no Mason can ever hope
to cover the whole field of Masonic Research, it is now
that the student can select those particular subjects,
or branches of research, which more especially appeal
to or interest him. As soon as he really starts upon
his selected subjects he must extend his reading, and
assimilate all that has been written upon the
particular matter. In this connection there can be no
greater help than the published Volumes of "Ars Quatuor
Coronatorum, " which contain the latest information on
most Masonic subjects. Let the student always remember
that knowledge, truth, and light are, and ever will be,
abiding characteristics of the Craft, and therefore,
all study must be conducted with such care and
precision that nothing false or inaccurate is allowed
to pass uncorrected.

As the Mason proceeds with his studies he will perceive
that much of our history is missing, the present known
facts being very incomplete and the gaps filled in by
conjecture. To fill in these gaps and to search out
facts which will amplify our knowledge is one of the
main functions of Masonic Research. Before we proceed
further let us get a clear idea of what exactly is
meant by those two words, "Masonic Research. " In
Ogilvie's Students' English Dictionary, under the
heading Research, we find the following explanation. "a
diligent and protracted seeking of facts and
principles; laborious or continued search after truth;
investigation." This is a wide definition, and is only
narrowed by the adjective Masonic, which is defined as,
anything "pertaining to the Craft or Mysteries of
Freemasons." Even with this combined definition in our
minds it is most important that we do not take too
circumscribed or narrow a view of what does or does not
pertain to Freemasonry. Many subjects, which at first
sight, do not appear to have any bearing upon the main
subject may, after more mature consideration, or with
increased knowledge, throw considerable side-lights
upon the history of our Institution, and as such are
well worthy of our attention.

In most studies the beginner comes to his Books or his
work without previous knowledge to assist him, but not
so with Freemasonry. The Mason may be, and probably is,
an expert in some other walk of life, which may
frequently be of considerable value to him in
prosecuting the subject of Masonic Research, or the
study of Freemasonry; and his selection of subjects to
investigate may usefully be guided by such
considerations. Thus, the classical scholar would be
enabled to study all references to the Ancient
Mysteries or the Roman Collegia in the originals, the
Hebrew scholar can by his learning throw light upon
many of our early traditions, and the Architect can
bring to the study of Medieval Masonry and Practices a
knowledge of Architecture not so readily available to
others. The Mathematician can read into many of our
Symbols truths that might otherwise remain hidden,
whilst the Lawyer, with his legal training and
knowledge of customs records and statutes, may find out
new facts, or place fresh and more accurate
interpretation upon facts already found. However, to
one and all who will put their hand to the plough there
is the need of sustained and continuous effort. It is
impossible for persistent searchers not to find
something. Furthermore. do not despise small
beginnings. It is not so much where you begin as where
you end, and even if the first discovery is a small one
later ones may be more momentous. How often, too, it is
the fortunate accident which brings to light matters of
great importance.

We are told correctly that Freemasonry is a progressive
science. Freemasonry of to-day is making history, and
it may be just as important to rescue modern data from
oblivion as to delve into dusty muniment chests for
forgotten facts. Masonry is also universal, and, all
over the world, there are Masonic statistics to be
collected, tabulated and published. The beginnings of
Freemasonry in the Colonies, or in far-off parts of the
Globe, soon get forgotten unless placed on record, and
Masons in those regions would do excellent service by
getting together every scrap of material, where no one
has previously done it. Even where particular subjects
connected with Masonry have been investigated by able
Masonic students in the past, the subsequent collection
of further facts, or the regrouping and collation of
those already known, may render it time that that
particular matter should be reconsidered in the new
light, and the subject amplified and brought
up-to-date.

Suffice it to say that all our ablest students in
Freemasonry are most emphatic in stating that Masonic
Research is not played out, and that the last fact has
not been found in any single branch or side-shoot of
our history.

Finally, it is the bounden duty of each member of our
Brotherhood, who would strive to be a true Freemason,
to do his individual best to advance the science of
Freemasonry, including a knowledge of its past, so that
the information in the aggregate is available, to
enable a full and accurate history of our Ancient and
Honourable Institution to be written, which will tell
to all who follow after us what a wonderful heritage is
handed down to them.


CHAPTER III.

The Origins of Freemasonry.

"All thinkers and students are struck with one great
difficulty attendant on masonic research, the
impossibility of accounting for its origin,
preservation, and perpetuation in the world, from any
one known source or origin, or in any one distinct line
Of existence and development "

--A. F. A. WOODFORD in A.Q.C., Vol. I., p. 30.

With regard to the origins of Freemasonry the Craft may
be said to be divided into two main schools of thought.
On the one hand there are those who affirm that "our
origins need not be looked for before the days of the
Gilds of Medieval Europe," and give reasons for
narrowing still further the field of enquiry. On the
other hand there are those who consider that that view
is far too restricted, and seek for the origins of our
Brotherhood in the East, and in those far-off times
when the Ancient Mysteries flourished. The connection
between modern Freemasonry and Medieval Masonry has now
been largely established, but to extend this connection
to the rites and ceremonies of the early Egyptian,
Phoenician, Greek, or Roman civilizations is a task of
considerable magnitude. It is my intention to point out
how the student who is interested in, or is attracted
by, the theory of our more ancient origin can help
towards the elucidation, one way or the other, of that
which has up to the present been an insoluble problem--
the birth of Freemasonry.

It may well be that, as has been admirably stated,
"Freemasonry does not depend upon any one single
channel of progress, but it may have several
co-existent and convergent sources of origin." If so,
it is advisable for all possible streams to be
explored, and every endeavour made to trace each back
as far as practicable. Most origins are shrouded in
mystery because those who are present at the birth
generally fail to realize the importance of the event;
they seldom look far enough ahead and see the necessity
of making or preserving full records. Still, by close
application and diligent investigation much that is
obscure can be made plain, although the farther back it
is necessary to search into the past the greater are
the difficulties to be overcome.

A thorough examination of all ancient initiatory rites
and ceremonies embraces a subject as large as it is
important. Every scrap of information dealing with the
mysteries of all secret societies of antiquity is of
value, because, although many consider that there is an
undoubted connection between some of them and
Freemasonry, yet no one has succeeded in showing the
exact point of contact. There is still much to be
learnt as to the Ancient Mysteries. It is uncertain in
what country and when these mysteries were first
introduced. Of the many from time to time in vogue
those of Isis and Osiris, the Cabiric, the Eleusinian,
the Mithraic and the Orphic may be mentioned as
deserving detailed attention for any traces actually
connecting them with Freemasonry. A later sect--the
Essenes--has also been suggested as akin to, if not the
ancestor of, Freemasonry. The facts relating to the
Essenes are scanty and far from satisfactory, but, from
such evidences as we at present possess, it is claimed
by many students that a strong case has been made out
negativing any such association.

For the classical scholar a wide field of research lies
open before him. All the writings of antiquity require
to be examined by Brethren possessing a sound knowledge
of the Ceremonies and tenets of our Craft, for any
references or allusions, veiled or otherwise, as to the
various observances during the particular period under
review. Herodotus, Virgil, Apuleius, and many other
classical writers refer, more or less indirectly, to
the Ancient Mysteries, and a complete and literal
translation of everything that has actually been
written by them on this subject is needed, to aid those
investigators who are not so well versed in the Dead
Languages as they may be in the modern forms and
ceremonies of Freemasonry.

Attempts have been made to connect the Druses of Syria
with the Subjects of Hiram King of Tyre, who built King
Solomon's Temple, and to this day the Druses possess
peculiarities which seem to show a close connection
with Freemasonry. The facts at present available are
incomplete and might usefully be supplemented. There
are also many ancient secret societies all over the
world which require to be thoroughly investigated, and
all the known facts concerning each one brought
together on the chance of something, at present
unsuspected, being found of value to the Craft
historians. Travellers, by carefully noting all
ceremonial customs with their likeness or otherwise to
those of Freemasonry, can do substantial service.

Another theory put forward as to our origin is that we
are lineally descended from the Roman Collegia, and an
endeavour is made to connect them with English
Freemasonry through those Romans who colonized Great
Britain during the Roman occupation. There may be many
points of resemblance between the customs of the
Masons' Gilds of Medieval England and what we know of
the Collegia, but such coincidences as have at present
been established require a great deal more before they
can be said to prove this theory. Granted even that the
Roman Collegia were firmly planted in England, proof is
still wanting that the system remained when England was
evacuated, or that it survived the ravages of the
Saxons during the 200 years that immediately followed.
The works of Latin writers dealing with the Collegia
might be further searched for additional customs, and
old Saxon manuscripts might be usefully gone through
for any facts bearing upon the subject, but overlooked
by historians who have considered them from a different
aspect and with other objects in view.

The Roman Collegia theory can be varied by attempting
to trace a connection between them and Medieval Masonry
of England by means of that band of artificers who,
upon the downfall of Rome, are said to have settled on
the Island of Comacina, on Lake Como. Much fresh
evidence must be forthcoming before this theory can be
finally rejected or converted into an historical fact.

Yet again other theorists claim the Steinmetzen of
Germany, or the Compagnonnage of France, as being the
progenitors of English Freemasonry. As, however, the
history of our Fraternity can be traced to an earlier
date than these respective organisations, all
consideration as to research into their custom, has
been relegated to a later Chapter.

Another subject that should fascinate many a Masonic
student, who wonders upon the why and the wherefore of
our present Ritual and Ceremonies, is that of
Symbolism. Symbolism is the common property of all
humanity, and much of it at present used in Freemasonry
is of very ancient origin. Extracts from the most
ancient of the Chinese Classics plainly show, that the
working tools of the Mason were utilized as symbols for
the purpose of inculcating moral truths, and we have
been told that these writings also afford clear
evidence of a mystic faith, expressed in allegorical
form and illustrated, as with us, by symbols. The study
of Symbology is beset with difficulties, one in
particular being the changes in the forms and meanings
of symbols consequent upon migration. In investigating
this subject from the Masonic point of view we have to
consider whether the particular symbols have been
inherited from our ancient forbears, or whether the
symbols, although themselves of great antiquity, have
been grafted upon Freemasonry in comparatively recent
years. If the latter is the case then it is clear that
what we really want to know is when the grafting took
place, and how and for what purpose or end the symbols
were used, understood and interpreted by those who
actually performed the operation; to go further back
will not help to any great extent. If, however, the
evidence adduced points to the former and more ancient
parentage, then we must seek to interpret these
symbols, not merely from the present Mason's point of
view, but also from that of other cults similar to
Freemasonry in which they have been found to have been
used. In a general consideration of this subject there
is a vast amount of rubbish to be cleared away, and the
Mason who successfully traces out the pedigree of each
symbol now used in our present complicated system, and
attaches to each a reasonable interpretation which will
stand the test of expert criticism, will have earned
for himself a permanent place amongst the students of
Freemasonry.

CHAPTER IV.

Legend Saints and Traditions.

"Unfortunately, much promising material of a
Traditional kind has been relegated to the limbo of
disrepute, and with an air of finality which is very
much to be deplored, by over-confident Judgments liable
at any moment to be reversed by fortunate discoveries
of additional evidence sufficient to convert what was
mere Tradition into a certain Historical Fact. "

--J. E. S. TUCKETT in A.Q.C., Vol. XXXII., p. 164.

OF all the Crafts the Masons alone possessed a
traditional or legendary history, and there exists in
the archives of Freemasonry a number of Manuscript
Constitutions, or, as they are more frequently termed,
"Old Charges, " in most of which, amongst other things,
this legendary history is contained. Commencing with
Jabal, the son of Lamech, who is there said to have
found Geometry and built the first house of stone and
timber at a period anterior to Noah and the Flood it
gradually traces the progress of Masonry and tells of
its introduction into England by St. Alban with its
stabilization under King Athelstan about A.D. 926, when
that King is said to have held a General Assembly and
granted the Masons a Charter. In the course of the
narrative we are told of many people who are said to
figure in the past of Masonry, and of these I specially
select King Solomon, Naymus Graecus, Charles Martel,
St. Alban, Prince Edwin, and King Athelstan. The
legends woven round these names afford ample scope for
work by the student of Masonic Research.

A wealth of material relating to King Solomon, and the
Temple he built, is at the disposal of all those who
would seek to investigate the many traditions
concerning the King and his magnum opus. Hebrew
scholars can utilize their special knowledge to
advantage in a consideration of the original texts of
some of the books that have to be consulted, the exact
meaning of many words and phrases occurring therein
being particularly important. The whole subject, and
the object of is incorporation in our legendary history
concerning which no satisfactory explanation has yet
been produced, is of great consequence to the Craft,
being bound up with much that appears in our Ritual.

The identity of that curious Mason, Naymus Graecus, has
been the subject of considerable speculation, but the
facts at present collected have not yielded up the
secret. Again, many discrepancies in the story of
Charles Martel render it most confusing, and Masonic
students may, with advantage to the Craft, turn their
attention to that part of the legendary history which
brings in these two individuals.

The St. Alban legend presents many difficulties, and
there are several distinct theories as to whether he
was the Saint so well-known in history, or some other
person. The traditions as to how Masonry was first
brought into England require to be further considered
in detail with the present known facts of English
History, and there is certainly more to bc discovered.
Until further information can be obtained there is
doubtless little chance of converting these legends
into authentic history.

Lastly, but by no means least in importance, there is
King Athelstan and Prince Edwin, and here also it is
difficult to reconcile the traditions concerning them
with the known facts of the past. Perhaps a
reconsideration of the original evidences upon which
our Histories of England have been compiled might
disclose something of value towards the task of
elucidating this problem, and bringing legend and truth
into agreement.

The further task of showing the connection of the
various stories referred to with Masonry, and, by
accurate dating, linking them up into a continuous
chain is one that any student who is attracted by this
part of our legendary history, might profitably
undertake.

In the Regius Poem, the earliest manuscript possessed
by the Craft and dating from about A.D. 1390, there is
an account of the Quatuor Coronati or Four Crowned
Martyrs. In its inception the legend was Italian, but
at some subsequent period these four Martyrs were
adopted as patron Saints for the Masons' Craft in
Germany and England. As early as A.D. 619 there was a
Church at Canterbury dedicated to them. By the Fourth
Century their Festival-day was fixed on the 8th
November, and was included in very early Calendars of
Saints days. They are referred to in the Strasburg
Constitutions of the Steinmetzen, of 1459, and, in
1481, all Freemen of the Masons' Craft in London were
directed to hear Mass at Christchurch on the Feast of
the Quatuor Coronati with penalties for default. As to
the legend itself there is a great deal of uncertainty,
and there is even more as to the reason why, and the
time when, they were selected by the Masons' Craft as
their patron Saints. There are still many manuscripts
which might repay a close examination, but whether the
necessary evidence to answer our questions remains in
existence only a systematic research will reveal.

Two other Saints have been connected for some centuries
with Freemasonry, and it is difficult to account for
the association. From the New Testament we obtain most
of what we know as to the lives of St. John the Baptist
and St. John the Evangelist, that as to the latter
being exceedingly scanty. Beyond the legend of their
connection with Freemasonry, and a few isolated
statements here and there, nothing has at present been
discovered throwing any light upon the matter. As early
as 1612 we find the Lodge of Aitchison's Haven meeting
on St. John the Evangelist's day (27th December).
Anthony Sayer, the first Grand Master, was proclaimed
on St. John the Baptist's day (24th June), and Grand
Lodge met annually for some years afterwards on that
day to proclaim its Grand Master. In Scotland the 24th
June was universally recognized, both before as well as
after the formation of their Grand Lodge in 1736. In
England Private Lodges kept one or the other, or both,
of these two days as Anniversary or Feast days. In many
parts the three Craft Degrees were, and still are,
called, "St. John's Masonry," and lastly Masons who did
not belong to any regularly constituted Lodges were, in
the early days of organized Freemasonry, known as "St.
John's Masons." The origin of the legend, the facts
upon which it was founded, and whether these two Saints
were adopted by our operative ancestors in addition to
the Quatuor Coronati, or were adopted by our
speculative parents after the decline of operative
Masonry are subjects well worthy of further research.

In the 17th Century there was a tradition that
Freemasonry was derived from the Italian Masons, who,
in the time of Henry III., obtained from the Pope a
Bull to enable them to travel over Europe and build
churches. Beyond statements, to this effect, by Sir
Christopher Wren, Elias Ashmole, and Sir William
Dugdale we have no facts. No such Bull has yet been
unearthed, nor has anything been discovered
substantiating the tradition. Further searches might
reveal something, and any facts that can be gleaned
from the contemporary literature tending to show when
the tradition originated or where Wren, Ashmole, and
Dugdale obtained their information would be of value,
and help to throw some further light upon early
Freemasonry.

One more legend remains to be considered. At present
few references have been found concerning H.A. in any
of the Jewish writings of antiquity, and divergent
opinions are held by Masonic students as to the time
and purpose of the introduction of the Hiramic Legend
into Masonry. Some are unable to find sufficient
evidence to justify the conclusion that it existed in
England and Scotland before the constitution of Grand
Lodges, while others accept the evidence of a much
earlier existence. In France, the Compagnonnage or
organization of journeymen knew of him from a very
early date, and long before modern Freemasonry was
carried from England to the Continent. Where the legend
came from and when are questions still to be answered;
as is also the problem of its introduction into English
and Scottish Freemasonry. In the traditional history
contained in the Old Charges the whole Temple episode
is not treated as of any special importance and the
central fact of the legend is not in any way hinted at
or referred to.

It cannot be too strongly impressed upon the young
Mason that most traditions contain a nucleus of truth,
and that it is well worth the student's while to try
and seek it; when once found it makes a solid
foundation upon which to build. Gather together every
scrap of information bearing upon the subject-matter,
even although, at first sight, it may appear to be
remote from the main question. Never weary of
collecting fresh facts, and discard all fanciful
theories; in so doing you will never regard the shadow
for the substance.

CHAPTER V.

Medieval Masonry.

"Is there ground for supposing that the Symbolism of
our present Freemasonry, existed in Medieval times, and
that it has decayed pari passu, with the operative
Masonry of that period, and come down to us, divested
of much of its real significancy, as a legacy or
inheritance from the working Masons of those early
times?"--R. F. GOULD in A.Q.C., Vol. III., p. 10.



The outstanding feature of Medieval Masonry is the
birth of Gothic architecture, its growth and final
decay. The origin of this creative style has puzzled
many an antiquary, and numberless are the opinions that
have been put forward to explain it. To the architect
the study of this subject should present endless
fascination, and if, in that study, something fresh can
be found as to the part taken by those Craftsmen, who
from say about A.D. 1375 became known as Freemasons,
the investigator would deserve well of the Fraternity.
We all know that during the Gothic period a vast number
of ecclesiastical buildings of all kinds were built,
but who designed them--who superintended their
erection, and how the craftsmen who actually built them
were organised, are problems still to be solved. A
careful examination of every Gothic building now
existing, and of all extant plans and elevations of
those no longer standing, is essential before a final
analysis of their special features can be made.

Where not already done, the existing Fabric Rolls, and
any other Records of Cathedrals, Churches, and
Religious Buildings, should be carefully examined and
possibly transcribed in the hope of disclosing fresh
facts of Masonic value bearing upon those who built
them. Records as to the erection of all Medieval
Castles might also be examined with a similar idea in
view. Did the Church Builders assist in their erection,
or were the Masons who carried out the work a separate
class of craftsmen, with a different training and a
different outlook ?

Another matter for research is that of the Mason's
Marks, or those indentations which appear upon
buildings all over the world, many of them being the
same in form, and made the same way, although appearing
in widely separated parts of the world and at widely
separated periods of time. An enormous number of these
Marks have been collected, but the work still awaits
completion by a fresh batch of students. First, the
Marks require careful classification. Again, many of
them bear a more than accidental likeness to the
Magical Alphabet and Numerals of Cornelius Agrippa, as
well as some of the other early Alphabets. From the
information already obtained some students consider
that these Marks possess a symbolical meaning, and have
been selected upon some system. If further
investigation could demonstrate who actually devised
and made them, and that these marks were not merely
designed to identify the Mason executing the particular
work, or to indicate the exact position of the stone in
the intended structure, but served some other and
deeper purpose, and were handed down by an organized
Craft system, a great advance could be claimed and
further possibilities developed.

The consideration of the Gilds in all their aspects
forms another important subject for study and research.
At their zenith each important trade and mistery
possessed its own Gild in nearly every town of England
and Scotland. With such a wide-spread system it
necessarily follows that there is an immense amount of
material available for the student to investigate. The
muniments of each City and Town can be laid under
contribution. Many of these Corporations have had their
Records transcribed and printed, and there is a useful
bibliography of them and other works dealing with the
Gild system in Volume 1. of Lipson's Economic History
of England. But all Records, whether printed or not,
require to be re-examined for any items, which may be
of Masonic interest; items often relegated to back
places by Town Archivists, as of no municipal
importance, and consequently overlooked.

The ordinances of all Masons' Gilds have yet to be
carefully collated and compared, special consideration
being given to various customs, oaths to be taken,
methods of government, fines and penalties, feastings
trade regulations and so forth. All similarities or
differences between the ordinances of the Gilds of the
Masons and those of other trades--particularly those of
a cognate character--in the same City or Borough
might also be usefully noted.

We know the names of many individual craftsmen
designated Masons and Freemasons. Biographical details,
including work executed, contracts undertaken and
municipal activities, are well worth collecting from
the Municipal Records, Rolls of Freemen, Rolls of
Apprenticeship Indentures, Parish Registers, Monuments
and Tombstones, to mention just a few of the possible
sources of supply. If any of these men could be
identified with the building of a Cathedral, or other
important ecclesiastical building, whilst a Gild Mason,
a connecting link of much value would be formed.

The precise meaning of the word "Freemason" is still a
matter of conjecture, and so is the exact relationship
between the Rough Mason, the Mason and the Freemason.
We read of men described as Masons, who, later on in
life, are known as Freemasons. What were the exact
gradations of these employments, what was the nature of
the "Freedom" required or acquired, and upon what terms
did promotion, if it were such, from a lower to a
higher grade take place ?

During the period under review many Ordinances and Acts
of Parliament were passed dealing with the manual
worker. They regulated his wages, imposed conditions
upon his employment and provided certain fines and
penalties for breaches. A careful tabulation of these
Statutes, coupled with the Gild and Town Ordinances,
might yield further information as to trade conditions,
and enable us to appreciate more fully the position of
the craftsmen during the different Reigns. The Records
of the various Courts, dealing with the matters just
referred to, should certainly furnish a substantial
harvest to any Brother who will take the time and
trouble to decipher the ancient writing and transcribe
their contents. Many of these Court Records are to be
found in the Public Record Office, a repository
containing masses of documents likely to disclose
useful facts towards the compilation of Craft history.

The Old Charges have been subjected to considerable
critical investigation by Masonic Brethren of great
ability. However, different minds look upon the same
matter from different aspects, and these MSS. can he
considered in so many separate ways. Much interesting
work remains to be done, especially as to the
connection, if any, between the Old Charges and the
Gild Ordinances; also in comparing the rules and
regulations contained in each and the preparation of a
comparative table of the punishments to be inflicted
upon any disregard thereof.

Leaving Great Britain, we find that there are, even at
this date, large gaps in our knowledge of Irish
buildings, and of the workmen who executed the work.
Much at present lies hidden away, and the collection of
additional evidence should be a fascinating pursuit for
some of our Brethren in the Emerald Isle with
antiquarian proclivities.

There is also ample scope for investigation upon the
Continent of Europe. Fresh facts regarding the Gild
systems of the various countries, which, by their
closeness or other ties, may have influenced similar
Institutions in our own country, are always wanted. The
Steinmetzen of Germany, and the Trade Gilds and
Compagnonnage of France would come within this
category. The Compagnonnage has recently been the
subject of much research by Bro. Lionel Vibert, but, as
there is yet no finality in this type of inquiry, let
no student, who is attracted by this or any other like
subject, be deterred from building upon the substantial
foundations already in existence.

Finally, I would emphasize the fact that the period we
have been discussing is essentially an operative one
and must be considered mainly in that light Every scrap
of information that can be collected, showing any
inter-relation between the Gild Mason and the Church
Building Mason, must be most valuable. We also require
further data as to the connection between the Cathedral
Cloister and the Mason's Lodge; as we may be perfectly
certain that the Monks--particularly those of the
Benedictine Monastries--exercised a far reaching
influence upon the craftsmen, in their lives, their
thoughts, and their work.

CHAPTER VI.

Seventeenth Century Freemasonry.

"But the most difficult question for the student is to
find an: answer to the following:--What induced men
like Ashmole and others to be made Masons early in the
seventeenth century ? Was it for 'Cake and Ale ?'
Surely not. Was it for company sake? Perhaps; but then
why so much mystery? It is certain that men like Dr.
Plot, John Aubrey, Randle Holme, and Elias Ashmole were
attracted to the subject for something more than what
we find given at length in the MS. Constitutions."

--EDWARD CONDER in A.Q.C., Vol. XVI., p. 15.

The Seventeenth Century was a momentous one for
Speculative Masonry. At the commencement Freemasons
were undoubtedly a superior type of Mason, either
receiving increased pay, or acting as contractors and
employing Masons under them. There are many instances
of individuals being designated as Freemasons in
Documents, Parochial Registers and City Archives, as
well as upon Monuments of all kinds. As the Century
advances the operative element use the word "Freemason"
less and less, and, after A.D. 1655, we find that the
Company of Freemasons of the City of London is called
the Company of Masons By the end of the Century it is
the Speculative Mason who is described as a Freemason,
to the almost total exclusion of his Operative Brother.
To trace this gradual evolution with historical
certainty requires considerably more known data than
the Craft at present possesses, and a systematic search
for fresh material must by undertaken before the
history of Freemasonry of the Seventeenth Century can
be written fully.

With regard to English Lodges of this period, in
addition to the "Acception" of the London Company of
Masons, our knowledge is confined chiefly to the Lodge
at Warrington, where Elias Ashmole and Colonel
Mainwaring were made Freemasons on the 16th October,
1646, the Lodge at Chester of which Randle Holme was a
member about 1665, and the Lodge which met at the
Masons' Hall, London, on the 11th March, 1682. What was
the work of these Lodges where the operative Masons, if
not entirely excluded, must have been in considerable
minority ? What were their aims ? Did they in any way
deal with trade interests? What were their Ceremonies,
and had these Lodges any relationship to strictly
Operative Lodges, such as we find between the Acception
and the London Masons' Company? The answer to these and
many similar enquiries is the same; we do not know, but
that we shall be extremely grateful to any Brother, who
can, by his researches, furnish such further facts as
will enable satisfactory solutions of these queries to
be supplied.

Or again, what induced Elias Ashmole, Randle Holme, and
other Scholars of the Age to be made Masons ? That they
were influenced by reasons of substance may be regarded
as certain, but the student has not yet succeeded in
discovering the operating causes.

Notwithstanding the scanty references to Lodge meetings
during this period we are told by Dr. Robert Plot, in
his "Natural History of Staffordshire," published in
1686, that Speculative Lodges were spread more or less
all over England. Whether a thorough perusal of all
contemporary correspondence, diaries, papers and other
literature would reveal references to further meetings
of these, or other, Lodges is a moot point, but it is a
line of research that ought to be absolutely exhausted
before we accept defeat.

Our knowledge concerning the Lodges mentioned
previously and of their members is by no means
complete. Bro. Rylands spent a considerable amount of
time and trouble investigating all Records as to the
Warrington and Chester Lodges, and Bro. Conder has done
the same for London. They have collected many
particulars relating to the lives of the members of
these Lodges, but their work cannot be said to be
exhaustive. More must remain to be unearthed, and their
methods might advantageously be copied with regard to
any other Freemasons who can be identified. It would
also be helpful to know if any, and if so which, of the
known Speculative Masons had any connection with the
Mason's or other Trade Companies in their particular
locality.

Another remarkable fact demands attention. The majority
of the copies of the Old Charges still preserved date
from the Seventeenth Century, and the years that
preceded the formation of Grand Lodge in 1717. Why this
was so, to what uses the copies were put and how it was
that these copies became so highly regarded, are
matters requiring careful consideration. Scotland also
possessed copies of these Old Charges, but their
versions were all borrowed from England; no one has
found out why. Whether, from internal evidence, the Old
Charges can themselves be made to disclose their
secrets, or whether any new evidence can be produced to
answer these riddles is for the student to discover.
Recently, endeavours have been made, by a comparison of
the Old Charges, to throw light upon the Lodge
procedure of the past, and to trace in our present
Ritual some connection with these documents, but
nothing conclusive has yet been ascertained. Sometime
during the Seventeenth Century--8th December, 1663,
according to the Robert's Print--certain Additional
Orders or New Articles, which are applicable to
Speculative Masons, were added to the Old Charges. By
whom and with what authority they were first framed,
and the reason why, are tantalizing questions for which
there are even now no satisfactory answers.

Although, at present, we know of no existing Minutes of
Lodges meeting in England prior to A.D. 1701, there
are, in Scotland, a considerable number of early Minute
Books, with entries dating from A. D. 1598. The
Scottish Lodges, during this period, do not appear to
have lost their operative character, although Brethren,
not connected with the Craft, were admitted as members
and even held office. These members seem to approximate
to the Honourary members of Trade Societies, being
associated with them on account of their rank and
influence, rather than because they were attracted to
the Lodges for any esoteric reasons. A substantial
amount of information has been published as to these
Minutes, and their various peculiarities have been
minutely noted. Scottish students might, however,
employ their energies usefully in further investigating
these Minutes, comparing and collating the various
Lodge customs with their fines and penalties,
identifying their members and generally picking out all
features of interest.

Was Sir Christopher Wren a Freemason ? Who knows ? John
Aubrey's account would lead one to believe that this
celebrated architect was to have been initiated in
London on the 18th May, 1691, whereas Dr. James
Anderson claims him as a Grand Warden of the Fraternity
nearly thirty years before that date. Some of Sir
Christopher's obituary notices describe him as a
Freemason, but others are silent as to any connection
between him and the Craft. It still remains for a keen
student, by searching all accessible literature and
papers, perhaps to secure a lucky find, and settle once
and for all this debatable matter.

On 2nd March, 1732, in Grand Lodge, it was stated that
the then late Duke of Richmond made a Brother applying
for Charity a Mason 36 years previously, viz.: 1696.
Beyond the facts related in the Minutes, nothing has
yet turned up as to that Masonic incident, nor of the
Lodge in which the initiation took place.

In Ireland Freemasonry existed, and was well-known in
Dublin in 1688. Bro. Dr. Chetwode Crawley's researches
have been invaluable, but recruits are wanted to carry
on this work. A complete history of Irish Freemasonry
still remains to be written, or published.

In America there is still ample scope for the Masonic
worker. Governor Belcher was made a Mason in England in
1704, and others from that Continent, who visited this
country about that time, probably followed his example,
if not already Freemasons. There is, therefore, a
strong presumption that, prior to the formation of the
Grand Lodge in 1717, Lodges existed in U.S.A., and an
exhaustive search through all existing documents and
papers of that early period might disclose facts, at
present unknown, hearing upon this subject-matter.

With regard to the whole of this period, so fragmentary
is our present knowledge that we cannot but feel
certain that there is much still hidden away in the
muniment chests and correspondence of many of our
ancient families, in the Public Records of our
Municipalities and upon the book-shelves of many an old
library. At least five books, known to contain
allusions to Freemasonry, were published during this
Century, and, if five, why not more? The Reports of the
Historical MSS. Commission also render available a
considerable mass of private documents, a perusal of
which by Masonic students might reveal much useful
data, at present overlooked. Therefore let me recommend
this portion of the pre-Grand Lodge era most strongly
to the earnest Mason, as one upon which there is still
a great deal to be collected, and in respect of which
each fresh discovery must be of appreciable value to
the Craft Historian who has laboured with such
assiduity amidst so many difficulties.

CHAPTER VII.

Formation of Grand Lodge and the Transition.

"Those among us who regard Freemasonry as something
more than a great social institution or even than a
vast beneficent organization, are interested to the
point of fascination with the period of half-light and
much mystery, very early in the reign of George I.,
which has the eventful date 1717 as its starting
point."--Sir ALFRED ROBBINS in A.Q.C., Vol. XXII., p.
67.


PROCEEDING onward, we come to what, as events have
proved, was destined to be the beginning of an era of
expansion for Freemasonry; an expansion that now knows
no bounds save only the limits of the habitable world
itself. The facts connected with this growth will be
dealt with in this and the following chapters.

A few scattered references to Freemasonry during the
first sixteen years of the Eighteenth Century are all
we possess to show the continuous existence of the
Craft throughout those years. Our information as to the
formation of the premier Grand Lodge in 1717, and the
events which occurred in the years immediately
succeeding, are also not satisfactory, being derived
almost entirely from the Second Edition of the Book of
Constitutions, written many years afterwards, and
published by Dr. James Anderson in 1738. It is not
until William Cowper was appointed Secretary to Grand
Lodge at the Quarterly Communication held on 24th June,
1723, that we have the actual Minutes of Grand Lodge to
refer to.

The one or two allusions to Freemasonry in contemporary
newspapers, that have so far been noted by students,
tell us but little, and we are therefore very much in
the dark as to the doings of Grand Lodge, and also of
those Lodges, which came under its rule during the
years from 1717 to 1723. Surely, concealed in dusty
recesses or other forgotten places, there must be more
historical material only waiting to be discovered. Many
are the problems concerning this period, which are at
present unsolved. For instance, we should be glad to be
told who conceived the idea of forming the Grand Lodge?
Did it meet with any opposition, and, if so, was it
from the operative or speculative section of the
Fraternity ? Who was Anthony Sayer, the first Grand
Master, and what had he previously done to justify his
selection for that office? We should also welcome any
further facts as to the previous Masonic or other
activities of the first Grand Wardens, Jacob Lamball
and Capt. Joseph Elliot.

Of the history, prior to 1717, of the four original
Lodges mentioned in Dr. Anderson's account, we know
nothing; but the one meeting at the Rummer and Grapes
Tavern, in Channel Row, Westminster, had by far the
greatest membership in 1723, when the first List of
Regular Lodges and their members was compiled by Grand
Lodge. Many of the members of this Lodge were of high
social standing, and it seems therefore very probable
that, in 1717, this Lodge represented the Speculative
element in Masonry. We have yet, however, to learn the
precise part taken by this and the other Lodges in
those early proceedings.

The Charges, the General Regulations and the
Approbation contained in the First Edition of the Book
of Constitutions published in 1723 afford clear
evidence that the authority of the new Grand Lodge did
not, at its commencement, extend beyond London and the
area within the Bills of Mortality, nor apparently was
any such extension even contemplated. It was not until
1724 that Lodges, in such widely separated towns as
Bath, Norwich, Chester and Portsmouth, were formally
constituted by Grand Lodge, and brought within its
jurisdiction. Were these, and the other country Lodges
that were constituted during 1724 and the years
immediately succeeding, new Lodges, composed of members
made Masons in one or other of the regularly
constituted London Lodges; or, were there existing,
throughout England, a number of independent Lodges,
working from time immemorial, such as we know existed
here and there in England, and in many parts of
Scotland, which only gradually come under the sway of
Grand Lodge as they were formally constituted? If the
latter, then to find out why and when these Lodges came
within the fold, and to trace the gradually extending
power of Grand Lodge, until it became the ruling body
everywhere, is a pursuit well worthy of the student and
one of extreme interest and value.

In 1721, John, Duke of Montagu, was installed as Grand
Master, and ever since this office has been filled by
Brethren selected from the nobility. We should much
like to know more of the happenings in the Craft, and
the various causes leading up to this appointment. How
often did Grand Lodge meet at first ? Dr. Anderson only
records the Annual Assembly and Feast until Lady Day,
1721, but were there no other meetings ? There are
hints at dissensions amongst the Freemasons shortly
after this date, particularly upon the installation of
the Duke of Wharton as Grand Master, but our data is
too scanty to form any reliable opinion as to the real
why and wherefore of it all.

Again, according to Anderson's statement, made in 1738,
he was ordered, on the 29th September, 1721, to digest
the "old Gothic Constitutions" in a new and better
method; but although some of the versions of the MS.
Constitutions digested by Anderson have been
identified, yet it has not been ascertained why Grand
Lodge found fault with these ancient documents, nor why
it was that Anderson was deputed to revise them. After
the 1723 Festival and Feast Anderson's name is not
mentioned in Grand Lodge Minutes until 30th August,
1730, although Past Grand Wardens were admitted to
Grand Lodge from 10th May, 1727. Why ? Was it the
reception accorded to the Book of Constitutions, or
some other reason? In the First Minute Book of Grand
Lodge there is an alteration, in the handwriting of
Anderson, and also an erasure. Both relate to Anderson
and his appointment as Grand Warden in the place of
William Hawkins. This alteration and erasure place
Anderson under considerable suspicion and throw doubt
upon his claim to have been formally appointed Grand
Warden on the 17th January, 1723, "for Hawkins demitted
as always out of Town. " The true facts must have been
known to at least Dr. J.T. Desaguliers and George
Payne, both undoubtedly his Masonic seniors in Grand
Lodge. Further details as to the relationship existing
between Anderson and Desaguliers are wanted. It must
have been a close and intimate one, as much concerning
Grand Lodge, contained in Anderson's Second Edition of
the Book of Constitutions, except when taken from the
Minute Book of Grand Lodge, was probably obtained from
Dr. Desaguliers. Further, Anderson left his own
Publisher, Richard Ford, when bringing out the First
Edition of the Book of Constitutions, although from
typographical evidence we may deduce that he employed
the same printer for a sermon, published in 1724 as was
employed for printing the Book of Constitutions the
previous year.

From its formation in 1660, when Sir Robert Moray
(initiated on the 20th May, 1641, by a Scottish Lodge
then on English soil) was chosen President, the Royal
Society has numbered many Freemasons amongst its
members. The object of this Society was the improving
of natural knowledge, and reminds us of that part of
our Ceremonies which enjoins upon us the study of the
hidden mysteries of nature and science. For instance,
Dr. Desaguliers, who was elected a F.R.S. in 1714,
frequently performed experiments before the Royal
Society. Did Freemasonry influence in any way the
formation, and the subsequent success, of the Royal
Society, and if so, how? Was there any kinship between
the two Societies in the days preceding the Grand Lodge
era. These and other like queries suggest themselves
for the student's research.

In the First Edition of the Book of Constitutions. the
39th Regulation provides that the Old Landmark, are to
be carefully preserved. What were these, and from
whence were they derived? Had they any reference to the
old operative building secrets, or did they belong
exclusively to that speculative or philosophical
Fraternity that emerged from its operative forbears?

In 1722 J. Roberts brought out a print of the Old
Charges. Why ? Was it Anderson's forthcoming
production, and were there, at that time, two well
defined schools of Freemasonry, represented by the old
Gothic Constitutions and old Ordinances on the one
hand, and Anderson's remodelled Constitutions, and the
General Regulations compiled by George Payne in 1720
and altered by Anderson on the other hand ? How much we
should welcome answers to these questions.

The development of our Ritual during the first ten
years of Grand Lodge is a subject that every thoughtful
Mason has no doubt pondered over. To what extent did
the English Ceremonial differ from that of the Scottish
in those days ? Eminent Freemasons still disagree as to
the exact Ceremonies carried out, and the number of
Degrees worked in England, prior to 1723-5. The 13th
Regulation in the First Edition of the Book of
Constitutions states that Apprentices must be admitted
Masters and Fellow-Craft only in Grand Lodge unless by
a Dispensation. This part of the 13th Regulation was
formally repealed by Grand Lodge on 27th November,
1725, but, during the intervening two years, the Grand
Lodge Minutes do not disclose any raisings. What does
it all mean ? Was it ever done? Further was it Dr.
Anderson who re-modelled the old Ritual, and, if so,
did he introduce the Scottish operative titles we now
use ? Investigation with positive results is needed
before we can hope to solve the problems presented.

Did the Rosicrucians or Hermeticists exercise any
influence over our forms and ceremonies during the
period of evolution ? We know that Dr. Stukeley was
initiated in 1721 "anticipating it to be the remains of
the Mysteries of the Antients." Who or what made him
think this ? The subject deserves further attention,
and all scraps of evidence brought together.

It was during this early period of Grand Lodge rule
that Freemasonry adopted its present code of
universality, and dropped its previous Trinitarian and
Christian usages. To trace this change and the reasons
for it would be most interesting, as at present no
satisfactory account has been furnished.

Now, how can the student help to answer the many
questions asked, or procure fresh material, which may
aid others to solve these problems. All newspaper files
should be most carefully searched, especially the
provincial papers of those towns where Lodges were
constituted in 1724 and the following years. In these
towns we would expect to find the seeds of Freemasonry
germinating, and references to the Craft, or those who
became members of the Lodges, might perhaps be
discovered. The literature of the day is considerable,
and books, pamphlets and broadsheets might profitably
be perused with chances of success. There are also
endless possibilities amongst any diaries,
correspondence and papers that may still be preserved
of those Noble Grand Masters, and other prominent
Freemasons, who held office in Grand Lodge during the
early years of organized Freemasonry. The 1723 List of
Lodges and their members contain the names of no less
than 731 Freemasons, of which probably not more than 20
are duplicates. Where these men can be identified,
search amongst their existing papers and correspondence
might disclose some useful facts. In many cases such
papers as these have been handed over to the British
Museum, that great storehouse of the nation's
literature. Where, however, this has not been done, the
Reports of the Historical MSS. Commission show the
whereabouts of much material to be looked over, and
serve as indices to such material. There are also very
many books, local and otherwise, in most of our older
public provincial libraries, which should be carefully
examined for Masonic data. Lastly, let me add that many
of the difficulties which deter students from studying
medieval documents are absent when working upon this
period, a period quite suitable for a Mason to try his
prentice hand upon.

CHAPTER VIII

FREEMASONRY SINCE: 1723

"I am much mistaken if there are not to be found, in
what may be termed the 'side-lights' of our Masonic
history, certainly since the revival of 1717 and not
seldom in earlier days and in the by-ways of English
literature of the eighteenth and earlier nineteenth
centuries, stores of material which will throw light,
at present unattained, upon the early days and history
of the Craft. "
--W.B. HEXTALL in A.Q.C., Vol. XXVII., p. 225.

It was incumbent upon each Lodge, in accordance with
the third Regulation of the Constitutions of 1723, to
keep a Lodge Book, which, in addition to the By-laws
and certain other information, was to contain all their
Transactions that were proper to be written. Sad to
relate, most of the old records of the extinct Lodges
have disappeared, as well as many of the early volumes
of Minutes of meetings held by those Lodges that are
still flourishing. Packed away with rubbish, and long
since forgotten, there may still exist, here and there,
some of these records, which, when discovered, will
supply further details as to what happened in Lodge in
those far-off days.

From the existing Minute Books a considerable amount of
valuable data can be obtained, and the information from
each should be carefully tabulated, and everything
possible done to bring light to bear upon the labours
of our Brethren in the past. Where they still exist
early Lodge By-laws are most useful to the student,
and, in conjunction with the Minutes, enable many a
Lodge custom to be traced.

Again, it is from our Lodge Records that we may hope to
elicit further facts as to those Masters' Lodges, which
grew up soon after the formation of Grand Lodge. Why
did they invariably meet on a Sunday, at first? The
origin of some of these Lodges is still not free from
doubt, and the actual work done in many of them is
unknown. The Minutes of the Lodge constituted at the
Maid's Head Inn at Norwich in 1724 records a meeting of
a Masters' Lodge on the 27th May, 1747, when those
present, eight in number, held "a solemn conference."
No Fellow-Craft was raised on this occasion, and we do
not yet know what happened that evening. These Masters'
Lodges have a considerable bearing upon our early
ceremonies, and it was doubtless in them the Masters'
Degree was gradually developed and enlarged.

We may safely say, that no Minute Book of any antiquity
has been perused without something being found of
importance. To go through one of these ancient Records,
and reconstruct the meetings recorded in it, is most
fascinating, and lucky is the Mason who is a member of
a Lodge where their early records are still presented.
Let that Mason not fail to grasp his opportunity. If
not already done, or only incompletely done, he should
investigate these Minutes from the point of view of the
general Craft Historian, and who knows what discoveries
he may make ? He will certainly make some, and gain
thereby the appreciation of our Masters in Masonic
literature. It is unquestionably true to say, that it
is from our old Lodge Records that we may expect to
reconstruct the inner history of our Brotherhood, and,
by carefully collecting all that can be gleaned, we may
eventually write, accurately and fully, the story of
our wonderful Institution during the past two hundred
years.

Closely connected with the Lodges is the question of
Masonic clothing. More is wanted to fill in the gaps,
and its evolution from the operative white leather
apron to the present gorgeous full-dress clothing of
the Grand Lodge Officers is an instructive subject. The
inspection of Lodge Minutes and Accounts, and the
collection of examples of the aprons of different
periods will help to inform us what our Brethren wore
when engaged upon their Masonic duties.

In contra-distinction to our Society, it is interesting
to note the other Societies that existed during the
Eighteenth Century. Their names are legion; some were
designed as rivals to our Brotherhood, some mocked at
it and some pursued an independent existence, neither
antagonistic to nor in any way connected with our
Society. Much has already been discovered, but much
which might be helpful remains to be unearthed from the
newspapers and magazine of the period, as to the
proceedings of these Societies and Clubs.

Bro. Dr. Chetwode Crawley has drawn attention to three
Lodges founded, under the Irish Grand Lodge
Constitution, at Norwich (1745), Middle Temple, London
(1754), and Beziers, France (1773). We are still in the
dark as to why these three Lodges came into being, and
why only these three. Any successful research, tending
to clear up these queries, would be most welcome and
valuable.

Again, we know that a certain section of Irish
Freemasons, in London, founded a Rival Grand Lodge in
1751. As I have previously stated, the late Bro. Henry
Sadler did much to unravel this subject, but still we
do not know the full history of the birth of the idea
and its subsequent growth.

Another matter bristling with difficulties, and
requiring further evidence, is the origin and
development of the additional degrees, many of which
have bee attributed to Scotland. Also, bound up with
this subject is the question of the Jacobite influence,
if any, upon Freemasonry. Was Charles Stuart a
Freemason ? Evidence should be looked for in France and
Scotland, as well as in England, and any further
discoveries must be helpful.

From 1721, when the nuke of Montagu became Grand
Master, the nobility of Great Britain and Ireland have
been very closely associated with the Craft. From the
Royal Family downwards, each grade of Society has had
its representatives in our Fraternity. To trace out the
Masonic activities of these well-known members, the
influence the Craft had upon their outside work, whom
their friends were and whether or not Freemasons, would
form a useful study. All obituary and other notes of
interest in magazines and newspapers should be
collected and tabulated, biographies searched,
correspondence and papers gone through, and all likely
sources tapped, in order that an accurate account may
be written of all the Eighteenth Century Freemasons who
can be identified. Bro. John Strachan, in his book,
"Northumbrian Masonry," records the discovery of an
enormous quantity of documents stowed away in the
lumber room of an old warehouse at Seaton Delaval,
amongst which were found some relating to Freemasonry
and the first Lord Delaval. There are, doubtless, many
such stores still awaiting discovery.

With the growth of Grand Lodge, its power over Private
Lodges increased. To follow this development in detail,
showing why new regulations were called for as the
Craft spread, and what were the abuses or
irregularities these fresh regulations sought to check
or redress, would form a most instructive line of
research. A consideration of the influence of the
By-laws of the early Lodges upon Grand Lodge, in
framing their own regulations from time to time, would
form a fitting adjunct to the former inquiry.

Since the premier Grand Lodge was founded in 1717 other
Grand Lodges have been constituted in all quarters of
the Globe. A careful comparison between the early
Constitutions of each would be most useful.

In the Eighteenth Century, and continuing to the
beginning of the Nineteenth Century, we find Masonic
Benefit Societies flourishing, one at least under the
auspices of Grand Lodge. The spreading of these
Societies, and their subsequent decay, showing the
reasons why they died out, is a subject suitable for
students and one that might profitably be undertaken.
There is considerable material at present available,
and more would doubtless be forthcoming after a
systematic search. The collection of statistics
relating to the extension of the Craft Charities might
also be carried on at the same time, and the effect of
either upon the other considered. Our Charities have
become the wonder of the world, and the study suggested
would constitute a liberal education to the student in
one of the prominent tenets of our Brotherhood.

Coming to the Nineteenth Century, we have the Union of
1813 as the outstanding feature. There are still many
events, leading up to the consummation of that Union,
upon which we want to know more. We have been fortunate
in having the Minutes of the Special Lodges of
Promulgation and Reconciliation made available. By
searching the Minutes of all Lodges existing, between
say, 1800 and 1825, much material could be brought
forward, helping to show how the Union came about what
assistance the Lodges received from those members who
attended the two Special Lodges in London, just
referred to, how the new forms and ceremonies were
afterwards accepted and practised, and, generally, to
what extent the aims of the promoters of the Union were
actually achieved, or, where they failed and old Lodge
customs retained, such as we find existing at various
places in the Provinces.


The Histories of England and other countries tell us of
momentous events that have happened from time to time.
What effect did these have upon the Lodges in the
countries where Freemasonry flourished. Statistics of
the ups and downs in Freemasonry would be interesting
and of value, especially if the reasons for the rise
and fall in the numbers of Lodges and of their
membership were found to correspond with particular
causes in the history of the world.

Even the records of Modern Lodges require careful
preservation, as one day they too will mellow with age.
There are still happily with us many Freemasons with
fifty or even sixty years Masonic experience behind
them. Their recollections of what was done in the past
are most valuable, and should be permanently preserved
before it is too late. If some one in each Lodge would
take upon himself the role of Lodge Historian, and
write up the History of his Lodge, taking advantage of
the reminiscences of the senior members, nothing of
value to the Craft hereafter would be lost. Those
coming after us will then have complete information
concerning the later years of the Fraternity, a state
of affairs many of us have longed for who are studying
the earlier periods of Masonic history.

Lastly, leaving England, there is for those who live in
the U.S.A., or in the Colonies, a wide field of
research as to the beginnings and expansion of
Freemasonry in their respective homes. On the continent
of Europe there is still much to be learnt, as to the
early doings of the Craft with its introduction into
France, Germany and other European countries from
England or Scotland, its local characteristics and a
comparison between our customs and those existing in
those countries.

There must remain little doubt in the minds of those
who have read this chapter, that the last two hundred
years of Freemasonry offer endless opportunities for
research, especially when it is realized that only a
mere outline has been sketched on to the canvas. To one
and all there are splendid chances for helping, and I
sincerely trust that these suggestions may induce many
Masons to join the active band of Masonic workers.


CHAPTER IX.

The Value of Masonic Research.

Masonic History is no exception to the general rule,
there is no royal road to the knowledge of it, and it
is only by steady and well directed effort, that we can
ever hope to lay good foundations, and remove the
weight of misconceptions and delusions under which it
suffers. "

--W.H. RYLANDS in A.Q.C., Vol. IV., p. 228.

Having dealt with some of the material that lies ready
for the student to work upon let us contemplate briefly
one or two other matters relating to the subject of
Masonic Research. First and foremost I would once more
emphasize that it is the continuous collection of fresh
facts that is required; and items, small in themselves,
often assume far greater magnitude when placed beside
those already known, or when coupled with those
discovered subsequently by other students.

Of nearly equal importance to the value of new data is
the value of negative evidence, a proposition that is
often not realized by young Masons unless they have
actually benefited by it. After carefully investigating
a possible source of supply one is naturally
disappointed in not finding anything bearing upon the
subject matter. Do not, however, be discouraged at this
lack of positive result, because it may be most useful
for the Craft Historians to know that the particular
source tapped has yielded nothing. Every time this
occurs, and the fact is published--and I should like to
see these facts published far more often than they are-
- the field of research is narrowed, and the knowledge
saves others from again traversing the unfruitful
ground.

We may hope, however, that, interspersed with the
blanks will come, from time to time, a winning number,
in the shape of some fresh and important fact, which it
is essential should be made known to the Masonic world.
Submit it at once to one of those expert Brethren, who
have made a life-long study of the history of the
Craft, so as to ascertain its true worth. These skilled
Craftsmen are always ready and willing to render help
and assistance to the studious Mason, and are the first
to welcome and applaud any success which may attend a
beginner's efforts.

The Masonic Record is always anxious to disseminate
knowledge to the Fraternity, and will gladly publish
any discovery. The Transactions of the Quatuor Coronati
Lodge, or any other of the lesser known Lodges or
Associations founded for research work, are ever open
to receive fresh matter, whether it is merely a short
paragraph setting out some long forgotten fact now
unearthed, or a paper wherein fresh information is
given entailing a reconsideration of some particular
portion of our Masonic history.

In the preparation of such a paper it is advisable to
confine oneself as much as possible to actual data, and
avoid dogmatic assertions which cannot clearly be
substantiated. All such assertions are valueless, and
are liable at any time to be proved inaccurate by
Brethren, well skilled in Masonic Archaeology, or
falsified by further data coming to light concerning
the Craft. Set out the fresh, and all other
well-proven, facts that you are relying upon, in a
logical sequence, giving chapter and verse of all
quotations to enable them to be verified. Sift the
evidence adduced carefully and critically, and be
cautious in the conclusions you draw therefrom.

When dealing with new facts discovered by yourself, and
consequently not available for reference in Masonic
books or Transactions, it is not sufficient merely to
state them baldly, or even to give a resume of the
passages in which they occur. What is wanted is a
literal transcript of the actual documents or passages,
or, at least, copious extracts, when the information
discovered comes from a book or newspaper. Full
references to the document or work copied from, and
where the original may be consulted, are also
essential.

Throughout the previous chapters there are many
statements tending to show what a useful place Masonic
Research takes in the life of an earnest Mason; and in
conclusion let me point out a few general
considerations, proving how an investigation of our
past, by means of study and research, may be of value,
not only to the student who takes up the pursuit, but
also to the general body of Freemasonry who reap the
benefit of the results achieved.

We have only to look round the Lodges to perceive that
the active Freemasons are those who engage in the study
of Freemasonry, and do their best to equip themselves,
as completely as possible, with information relating to
the Craft and its tenets. Invariably, the Masons who
fall by the wayside are those who take little or no
interest in our Ceremonies, understand little or
nothing of the true meaning underlying such ceremonies,
and know little or nothing of the past history of their
Society. Our aim should ever be to remove as many
Brethren as we are able from the above category, by
inducing them to recognize the important part our
Institution has played in the past, is playing now and
is likely to play in the future--an Institution which
has numbered and still numbers, amongst its members,
men who have been and are famous in every walk of life.


The ignorant man can never place a true value upon any
thing of which he knows nothing. At the best he looks
upon it with stupid wonder. It is the object of the
student to dispel this ignorance, and inculcate a sound
knowledge of the history of the Craft. We must all
learn before we can teach, and, to progress, we must
first know whatever has been known before us. Then, and
then only, can we hope successfully to build upon
existing knowledge, and, by excavating further
material, carry up the fabric to completion. As our
knowledge of the past increases so the more fully do we
learn to appreciate the significance of the teachings
of the Fraternity, and we are made capable of becoming
more useful to our Brethren and fellow creatures. It is
only by such a knowledge that we can create in others a
lively interest in the Society of which we have become
members, and so enable the young Mason to realize, to
the full, the real meaning of our beautiful ritual, and
the principles, which, veiled in allegory and
illustrated by symbols, lie behind it.

To the Craft in general Masonic Research is one of the
important arteries through which its life-blood
courses. Accurate research gives, to the history of our
Order, a stability and reality that nothing else can
equal. By such means many false statements and unproved
assertions have been swept aside, and actual historical
truth set up in their place. There is gradually
arising, amongst the Brethren, a greater desire for
knowledge, and it is by research that this craving can
be fully satisfied; also, by this means we can give to
those enquiring, exact information, which will not only
widen their horizon, but also stimulate their energies,
and, perhaps, add here and there another student to
that slowly growing band of Masons, who are real doers
and workers--not mere loiterers or listeners. It has
been well said, that knowledge is that which makes a
thinking Mason think. Without it the faith and belief
of the Mason cannot be of any value, but with it his
faith and belief can become strong and sincere, and
will result in his being a better and truer Mason.

The student of Research is helping on a really
important work, which has now for many years been
carried on by a small but ever increasing number of
erudite scholars, who, by giving of their very best,
have been keeping the lamp of Masonry brightly burning.
The one aim of these scholars has been to spread
accurate Masonic knowledge to the Craft, which has been
very largely augmented of late years by a host of young
Masons, who have joined the ranks of our great
Brotherhood of Peace, after having spent several of the
best years of their lives in that great Brotherhood of
War--I mean our wonderful Army, which, from 1914 to
1918, won its way through to victory in the World War.

May all those who read these pages register a strong
determination to help on Masonic Research, by searching
out and bringing to light fresh facts, fresh
information and fresh data, so that the work of the
builders may proceed. Do not put off commencing until
another time, or a more convenient moment. Commence
now, and keep steadily on. Remember, and take to heart,
those grand words of Longfellow, in "a Psalm of Life":-
-

"Let us, then, be up and doing, With a heart for any
fate; Still achieving, still pursuing, Learn to labour
and to wait. "
