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    !    W STBJL98.TXT   	       HUTS&SHEDSEARLYLODGESBy:HowardR.Stewart,M.D.Bro.StewartisaPastMasteroftheTexasLodgeofResearch.HisbookHutsandSheds(fromwhichthisSTB   	 `	   wastaken)waschosenbyResearchLodge#2(Iowa)asitsfeaturedbookfor1997.CopiesofthebookHuts&Shedsmaybeorderedthrough:IOWAResearchLodgeP.O.Box3643,DesMoines,IA50322.Price$10.00each(ppd).Editor̀"Initsprimarymasonicsense,thewordlodgeappearsindocumentsofthethirteenthcenturyandlater,todescribetheworkshoporhut,com-montoallsizablebuildingworks,inwhichthemasonsworked,storedtheirtools,atetheirmealsandrested."ThesewordsbyHarryCarrandsimilarwordsbyotherspersistentlyraisequestionssuchaswhywerephraseslike"initsprimarymasonicsense"and"fromamasonicpointofview"usedinconjunctionwithlodge?Fortworeasonsperhaps:First,somebelievethattheearliestlodgeswereMasonicLodgeswhileothersdonot.Second,thewordlodgeisnotuniquelyMasonic.Masonsdidnotinventittheyborrowedit.Asyet,nobodyhassolvedthemysterysur-roundingtheoriginofMasoniclodges.Perhaps,likemosthumaninstitutions,theyevolvedfromtheaccumulatedneedsandexperiencesofmankind.D.D.Darrahdrewthefollowinganalogies:Nomandiscoveredlaworcanlocateitsbeginning;nomaninventededucation,orcannameitsbirthplace;norisitpossibletostatewhenreligiontookitsplaceinthemoralsphereofmen.Thesegreatforcesspringfromtheneedsofthehumansoul,andaretheresultofgrowthanddevelopmentThesameistrueforFreemasonry.Itwasnotcreated,butgrewoutofthepast.  IfinditeasytoagreewithDarrah,AstudyofthedistantpastrevealslittlebearingresemblancetomodernMasonrybutdoesrevealtracesofhumanlongingsandaspirationsthathaveservedasbuildingblocksforsocietyandbrotherhood.Fortunately,thekeytoourthoughttodayisrealismasseeninthisstatementbycontemporaryMasonichistorian,WallaceMcLeod:"WecansaywithcertaintythatmodernspeculativelodgesdescendinunbrokenlinefromBritishcraftmasonsofsixhundredsyearsago.Earlierthanthatwecannotgo.McLeod'sstatementechoesthethoughtsofmanyMasonicscholars,butitdoesnotruleoutthepresenceoflodgeactivitybeforethattime.Keepinmindthatadvancedbuildingtechniqueswereinuseasearlyastheeleventhcentury,anditispossiblethatlodgeactivitywasoccurringinthehutsandshedsofthebuilders,atleastatthelargercathedralcon-structionsites.IofferthefollowingabstractfromtheworkofAlbertG.MackeyandChristianSteiglitz,notasproofbutasapointfordebate.Pleasekeepinmindthatalthoughtheaccountcanbepartiallydocumented,itisbynomeansprovenfact."Itappearsthatfromtheeighthtothemiddleofthetwelfthcentury,mostoftheknowledgeandpracticeofarchitecturewasunderthecontrolofmonks.Asarule,bishopssupervisedtheconstructionofchurchesandcathedrals.OneoftheseecclesiasticswastheEnglishmonk,Winfrid(Boniface),whowaselevatedtosainthoodforhiseffortsinChristianizingGermanyintheeighthcentury.WinfridorganizedagroupofmonksforthepracticeofbuildingwhobecameknownasMastersoftheWorks,Somewereinvolvedindesign;someinsculptureandpainting;someingold,silverandembroidery;andsomeinstonemasonry.Laymenwerehiredwhenneededasassistantsandlaborers,andthroughthisintimateassociation,muchknowledgeofthebuildingtradepassedtothelaity.Asmoreandmoreedificeswereerected,amoreintelligentclassofbuildersemergedwhoultimatelyformedtheirownbrotherhoodsandweregrantedcertainprivilegesandfranchisesbymunicipalauthorities,Inaddition,similarfraternitiesofbuildersaroseinFranceandItaly,andbythemiddleoftheeleventhcentury,virtuallyallimportantbuildinginEuropewasintheirhands.Underthenameof"TravelingFreemasons,"theypassedfromnationtonationconstructingcastles,publicbuildings,churchesandcathedrals.Oftheirorganizationsandcustoms,famedarchitectSirChristopherWrensaid:       Theirgovernmentwasregular;andwheretheyfixednearthebuildinginhand,theymadeacampofhuts.A   	 *H&1   surveyorgovernedaschiefeverytenthmanwascalledaWarden,andoverlookedeachnine."       Storieslikethismaybetrueorfalseoranadmixtureofboth.Thesamecanbesaidforthefollowing,butitisclosertoreality,beingwelldocumentedforthemostpart.InthecitiesofEngland,associationscalled   	 .h)5   craftortradeguildsspranguparound1100A.D.madeupofmenwhoworkedatacommontrade.Inadditiontothese,thereweregroupsofhighlyspecializedbuilderswhowereunattachedandwerefreetoseekworkwherevertheirspecialtalentswereneeded.Usually,thelatterweretobefoundinthesuburbsorcountrysideatcathedralconstructionsites.Asarule,therewasnohousingatthesesites,sotheybuilthutsandshedsforlivingquarters,workshopsandplacestoassemble.Manyhistorianshavementionedthesestructures,anditisgenerallyfeltthatthesewerethelodgesreferredtointheoldmanuscriptsandotherrecords,TheearliestreferencetoalodgeyetdiscoveredistobefoundinMasonry'soldestknowndocument,theRegiusPoem,reputedtohavebeenwrittenaround1390A.D.Inaverseconcerningapprentices,wefind:       Hismaster'scounselhekeepandclose,Andhisfellowsbyhisgoodpurpose;Theprivitiesofthechambertellhe   	 	   noman:Norintheloggewhatsoevertheydo;Whatsoeverthouhearestorseestthemdo,Tellitnomanwheresoeveryougo:Thecounselofall,andevenofbower.  ̀Sincetheselinesalsomadeitclearthatthereweresecretstobekept,adeepermeaningforlodgewassuggestedevenbeforethestartofthefifteenthcentury.Aglimpseatthecharacteroflodgesestab-lishedbeforethemidsixteenthcentury,whetherMasonicorotherwise,canbegainedfromlookinginplaceswherecontinuingbuildingwasoccurring,fortheremorestableconditionsexisted,andbetterrecordswerekept.Atsuchsites,thebuilderswereafamilyofworkmendwellingtogetherundertheguidanceofaMasterBuilderandhisWardens.Manyworkmenspenttheirentirelivesinonelodgesincemorethanacenturywasrequiredtocompletealargecathedral.Brotherhoodwasparamount,andunificationexistedinthesensethatatravelingstonemason,ifqualified,waswelcomeinanylodge.OneoftheearliestaccountsofsuchalodgecanbefoundinthebuildingrecordsoftheValeRoyalAbbeyfor1278AD.ThatamanwaspaidtocleanoutthelodgeisrecordedinthebooksoftheChapelofSt.StepheninWestminsterin1320A.D.,andintherecordsofCaernarvonCastlefor1321A.D.,thereisanentryof"2s.6d"forstrawtocovertheMason'slodge.In1395A.D.,officialsofWestminsterAbbeypaid"I5s.6d"toa"dauber"forthelodgeofMasonsinTothillStreet.LodgesarealsomentionedatCanterburyCathedralin1429;Aberdeen,Scotland,in1483;andatSt.GilesChurchinEdinburgh,Scotland,in1491A.D.Entriessuchastheseprovetheexistenceoflodgesbutprovenothingmasonically.Fromthelatefourteenththroughtheeighteenthcentury,overonehundredmanuscriptswerediscoveredwhichmanyconsidertobethemostimporta %      ntdiscoveriesinthehistoryofFreemasonry.Collectively,thesearecalledGothicConstitutions,andcuriouslyenoughallcontainwords,descriptionsandrulesofconductthatsmackofthegoverningofMasoniclodges.Itisasiftheywereallpatternedafteroneoriginal.ThefirsttobediscoveredwastheRegiusPoem,alsoknownastheHalliwellMS,whichwaswrittenaround1390A.D.Itisprobablethatthefirstfewofthesewerewrittenbypriestsormonksfortheuseoflodgesatcathedralconstructionsites.MuchofMasonry'scustomsanduseshavecomefromthesepreciousdocuments,andhistorianshaveofferedthemasproofthatorganizedMasonryexistedbefore1717AD.,theyearofformationofthefirstGrandLodge.HarryCarrwasamongthosewhofeltthattheoldmanuscriptswereprimarilyintendedfortheregulationofsemipermanentgroupsofMasonsbroughttogetherinthecourseoftheirworkwhowereoutofreachoftheestablishedtradeguilds.Amongotherthings,hepointedoutthatthefirstoftheoldmanuscriptsmadeprovisionforanoathofobediencetobetakenbynewapprenticesthussuggestingsomesortofadmissionceremony.Inlaterversions,aposturetobeassumedwhiletakingtheoathwassuggestedaswellassecretsignsandwords.CarrgavecredencetotheconceptoflodgeshavingexistedfromatleastthefourteenthcenturybypointingoutthecodesandordinancesregulatingtimesofworkandrefreshmentinthelodgewhichwerefoundatYorkMinsterdated1370,thereferencetothemasonsofthelodge"atCanterburyCathedralin1429accompaniedbyalistofnames,theuseofasecretmodeofrecognitioninScotland,andreferencestothe"Mason'sWord"from1637ADon.ThisapparentlyledCarrtothisdefinitionforalodge:"...anassociationofmasons(operativeorotherwise)whoareboundtogetherfortheircommongood,andwhoshareasecretmodeofrecognitiontowhichtheyareswornonadmission."Theterm"Masoniclodge"hasalsoborneothermeaningsatonetimeoranother.One,aplacewhereMasonsmeet;two,agroupofMasonsdulyassembledforwork;andthree,apieceoffurniturerepresentingtheArkoftheCovenant,orinEngland,the"tracingboard."AnacceptableaswellasformaldefinitionofaMasoniclodgehasbeencutanddriedsince1723A.D.,when   	 .h)5   "TheChargesofaFreemason...TobereadattheMakingofNewBrethrenorWhentheMasterShallOrderit...appeared.ThisdefinitionwasadoptedinsubstancebytheGrandLodgeofTexasin1920andappearsasfollowsinArticleXIIISectionIllofitsConstitution:OFLODGES.AlodgeisaplacewhereMasonsassembleandwork;hence,thatassembly,ordulyorganizedsocietyofMasons,iscalledaLodge,andeveryBrotheroughttobelongtoone,andtobesubjecttoitsbylaws,andthegeneralregulationsoftheGeneralorGrandLodgehereuntoannexed.Inancienttimes,noMasterorFellowcouldbeabsentfromit,especiallywhenwarnedtoappearatit,withoutincurringaseverecensure,untilitappearedtotheMasterandWardensthatpurenecessityhinderedhim.ThepersonsadmittedmembersofaLodgemustbegoodandtruemen,freeborn,andofamatureanddiscreteage,nobondmen,nowoman,noimmoralorscan-dalousmen,butofgoodreport.WehaveseenthatintheMiddleAgestheoperativestonemasonsmetinhutsandshedsatconstructionsitesinwhichtheyreceivedinstruction,dressedtheirstones,andpartookoffellowship.Isitsohardtoacceptthatthesehutsandshedsweremorethanjustsheltersorrooms?In1921H.L.Haywoodsaid,ItmaybethatthebodyofFreemasonryasweknowit,cameintoexistenceonlytwohundredyearsago;butthesoulofFreemasonry,itsspirit,manyofitsprin 
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 ciplesanditssymbols,havebeenamongmenfromatimesincewhichthememoryofmanrunnethnottothecontrary.