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    !    W  %      STB-JA98.TXTFreemasonryintheEvolutionofDemocracyinCanadaBy:WallaceMcLeod,FPSWallaceE.McLeodisProfessorEmeritusofClassicsatVictoriaCollegeintheUniversityofTorontoinCanada.   	 (
x   HeearnedhisPh.DatHarvard.Hiswritingsarenumerous,specializingintheOldChargesofFreemasonry.HisbooksincludeTheGrandDesign.HeisaPastMasterofMizpahLodge,Ontario;PastMasterofQuatuorCoronatiLodge,England;PastGrandSeniorWarden;aPastPresidentandFellowofThePhilalethesSociety.   (ThisSTBwasextractedfromthebookFreemasonry&Democracy:ItsEvolutioninNorthAmerica.Seepage8forinformationonhowtoorder)--Editor  Thereisavastfieldofresearchcalled"ConstitutionalHistory,"which,amongotherthings,letsustracethestepsleadingtodemocracyintheEnglish-speakingworld.TheseincludesuchitemsastheGreatCharter(1215),whichassertedthesupremacyofthelaw,evenoverthechiefofstate;thePetitionofRight(1628),whichprohibitedtaxationwithoutParliament'sconsent;theHabeasCorpusAct(1679),whichpreventedimprisonmentwithoutduecause;theDeclarationofLibertyofConscience(1687),whichgavefreedomtoallreligiousdenominations;andtheBillofRights(1689),whichmadeitillegaltomakeorsuspendanylawwithouttheconsentofParliament.TheseallantedatetheformationofmodernFreemasonry,butinoneformoranother,theywereallbroughttoNorthAmericabyBritishsettlerseventhoughthepowerofsuchlawsmayhavebeendilutedbythefactthatthepeoplewerenolongerinthehomeland.ItispossiblethattheFreemasonsmayhavehadsomeeffectonthegrowthofdemocracy.InthefirstbookofTheConstitutionsoftheFree-Masons,publishedin1723,JamesAndersongives"TheChargesofaFreeMason,extractedfromTheancientRecordsofLodges,"andtherewereadthat"allMasonsareasBrethrenuponthesamelevel'(page55).Thishassometimesbeeninterpretedasexpressingtheideathatallmenarecreatedequal.Afewpageslater,AndersonalsoquotestheGeneralRegulations,astheywereapprovedbyGrandLodgein1721.onerulerunsasfollows."AllMattersaretobedetermin'dintheGrandLodgebyaMajorityofVotes,eachMemberhavingoneVote,andtheGrandMasterhavingtwoVotes"(page61).Thisregulationexplicitlyspecifiesequalvotesforallmembers(exceptthepresidingofficer),andtothatextentitembodiestheprincipleofequality.AndbeingpromulgatedintheFreemasons'law-codeof1721,itlongantedatedanynotionofuniversalsuffrageinthepoliticsofthe"profane"world.Onemightwellimaginethat,overthecourseoftime,thosewhobelongedtoMasonicorganizationswithruleslikethiswouldassimilate,andperhapsgeneralize,suchanideal.Thismightaffecttheirattitudetoauthoritarianactionsonthepartofgovernment.Butweknowthat,fromtimetotime,particularlyinthecolonies,theBritishParliamentseemstohaveimposedcertainmeasuresthatwerenotsupportedbythepeople.Inthecircumstances,itmightbetemptingtoconcludethattheFreemasonswouldbeleadersinthestrugglefordemocracy.Infact,wehaveseentheirroleintheConstitutionalConferencethatwasheldinPhiladelphiain1787.Butfurthernorth,inCanada,overthecourseoftimetheywerealsoassociatedwithsimilarchanges,eventhoughtherewasneveranysuchconstitutionalconference.(OnemustrememberthattheareanowcalledCanadaconsistedofanumberofseparateBritishcoloniesuntil1867).OnMarch13,1738,MajorErasmusJamesPhilippswaswarrantedfromBostonasthefirstProvincialGrandMasterofNovaScotia;hewasthenephewoftheGovernorofthecolony,ColonelRichardPhilipps.ThefirstlodgeinwhatisnowCanadawasinstitutedatAnnapolisRoyal,NovaScotia,inJune1738,undertheauthorityoftheProvincialGrandMaster.QuebecbecameBritishwiththeBattleonthePlainsofAbrahamonSeptember13,1759,whentheFrenchweredefeatedbyanarmyunderthecommandofGeneralJamesWolfe;and,asW.R.Denslownotes,"itisclaimed   	 .h)5   thatWolfewasamemberofMindenMilitaryLodge."Ascanttenweeksafterthebattle,onNovember28,theProvincialGrandLodgeofQuebecwasformed,bysixmilitarylodgesinWolfe'sarmy.Iteventuallybegantoinstitutecivilianlodgesintheareaunderitsjurisdiction.ThisProvincialGrandLodgeanditssuccessorswerethechiefagentsthathelpedMasonrytoexpandtothewest.OfcourseintheAmericanWarofIndependencetherewereMasonsonbothsides.TheearliestMasonicrecordinwhatisnowOntarioisthecertificate,datedFebruary11,1780,ofHenryNelles,aNewYorker,whowasinitiatedinthelodgeinthe8thorKing'sOwnRegimentofFoot,No5ontheProvincialRegisterofQuebec.AftertheRevolutionmanyofthoseonthelosingsidemigratednorthtoCanada.Morethan30,000movedtotheAtlanticcolonies,2000settledinQuebec,and7500cametowhatisnowOntario.TheseLoyalistsincludedmanyFreemasonswhohadfoughtontheBritishside.ThomasMerritt(1759-1842),"cometofcavalry"intheQueen'sRangers,andeventuallySheriffofLincolnCounty,wasfirstMasterofStGeorge's,No27,StCatharines,in1816.ColonelJohnButler(1725-1796),whoorganizedButler'sRangersduringtheRevolution,wasProvincialGrandSeniorWardenin1795.MajorJamesRogers(1726?-1792),ofRogers'Rangers,isonrecordasMasterofStJames',No14,atCataraqui(Kingston)in1781.MajorEdwardJessupJr(1735-1816),commanderoftheLoyalRangersorJessup'sCorps,wasfirstSeniorWardenofLodgeNo13,Elizabethtown(nearBrockville),in1799.MajorPeterVanAlstine(17471811),ofCuyler'sCorps,ledtherefugeeswhosettledatAdolphustownin1784;hewasMasterofStJames',No7,Fredericksburg,in1797.StephenJarvis(1756-1840),aLoyalistfromConnecticutwhoeventuallybecameGentlemanUsheroftheBlackRodintheLegislativeAssemblyofUpperCanada,wasachartermemberofStAndrew's,NoI,York(Toronto)in1822.(PerhapsweshouldaddherethatUpperCanadaistheoldnameforOntario,andLowerCanadacorrespondstowhatisnowtheProvinceofQuebec.)ColonelJosephRyerson(1761-1854),whofoughtinthePrinceofWalesRegiment,wasMasterofLodgeNo22,Charlotteville(LongPoint),whenitwasorganizedin1803.JosephBrant,orThayendanegea(1742-1807),PrincipalChiefoftheSixNationsIndians,hadbeeninitiatedinLodgeNo417ontheEnglishRegister(Moderns),whichmetat"TheFalcon,"PrincesStreet,LeicesterFields,London,in1776,andservedasthefirstMasterofLodgeNo11,MohawkVillage(nearBrantford),in1798.Andthesearebutasample.Abouteachofthem,alotmorecouldobviouslybesaid.Peoplesuchasthesewillhaveplayedapivotalroleinthecontinuedevolutionofdemocracy.CanadastillhonorsagroupofmenknownastheFathersofConfederation.Theymetseveraltimesin1864,andcarriedoutthenegotiationsthateventuallyledtotheBritishNorthAmericaAct.Byitsterms,theDominionofCanadacameintoexistenceonJuly1,1867,asaselfgoverningcountryintheBritishCommonwealthofNations.(Strangetorelate,itsConstitutionstillremainedinBritainuntil1982,eventhoughtheBritishgovernmentwasnotpermittedtoamendit.)OnlytwooftheoriginalFathersofConfederationhavesofarbeenidentifiedasFreemasons:SirJohnA.Macdonald(1815-1891),thefirstPrimeMinisterofCanada,andSirAlexanderCampbell(1822-1892),CommissionerofCrownLands,whoeventuallybecameLieutenant-GovernorofOntario.Byacuriouscoincidence,bothofthemhadbeeninitiatedinStJohn'sLodge,No5,Kingston,inthesameyear,1844.(In1948NewfoundlandbecameapartofCanada.ThemanresponsibleforthisissometimescalledthelastFatherofConfederation.HewasJosephR.Smallwood[19001991],amemberofNorthcliffeLodge,No1086undertheScottishConstitution,GrandFalls,Newfoundland.)In1870,duringBro.Macdonald'sleadership,thegreatNorth-WestbecameapartofCanada.Inordertopreserveorder,amilitaryforcewassentfromOntariotoWinnipeg,andonNovember21,1870,nineofthesesoldiersreceivedadispensationtoformtheoldestsurvivinglodgeinManitoba.Assettlementprogressedwestwardacrosstheprairies,FreemasonryreachedSaskatchewanin1879,andAlbertain1882.OnFebruary15,1965,afterprolongeddebate,adistinctivelyCanadianflag,withtheMapleLeaf,wasadopted,totaketheplaceoftheso-calledRedEnsign.TheprimemoverinthisdiscussionwastheHonorableJohnRossMatheson,whohadbeeninitiatedinQueen'sLodge,No578,Kingston,in1940.Fromitsveryinception,modernFreemasonryhasfosteredanatmosphereoffreedomandequality.Inshortwe   	 .h)5   find,aswehavefoundelsewhere,thateventhoughthehistoryoftheevolutionofdemocracywasquitedifferentinCanada,Freemasonsdidplayasubstantialpartinthatevolution.