•   Learning Theory: 

     1. Crime is learned through close relationships with others.
     2. People are born good but learn to be bad

•   Control Theory:

      1. Crime is a result of a severed bond between social control institutions            and the criminal .      
      2. People are born bad and must be controlled in order to be good.

A) SOCIAL LEARNING THEORIES

PREMISE:  Criminal careers develop and are sustained through the process of learning criminal oriented attitudes, morals, values, skills and behaviors.

1) Differential Association (Edward Sutherland) (1939) 
"Principles of Criminology"
   (Dean of American Criminology)   

PREMISE: Criminal behavior is a product of social interaction
  Principles of Differential Association: (9)

1. Criminal behavior is learned
2. Criminal behavior is learned through interaction
3. Criminal behavior is learned primarily in intimate groups
4. Techniques of criminal behavior are learned
5. The specific direction of motives nd drives is learned from definitions of the legal codes as favorable or unfavorable
6. Delinquency occurs when a person is exposed to more definitions unfavorable to thelaw than unfavorable
7. Differential associations vary in frequency, duration, priority and intensity
8.  Process of learning criminal behavior by association with criminal and non-criminal patterns involves all the same mechanisms that are involved in any other learning.
9.  While criminal behavior is an explanation of general needs and values, it is not explained by those needs and values since non-criminal behavior is an explanation of the same needs and values.

2)  Neutralization Theory or Theory of Drift (David Matza & Gresham Sykes, (1957)

PREMISE: Criminals generally hold attitudes and beliefs similar to law abiding citizens but then are able to neutralize these values and attitudes temporarily and drift back and forth between criminal and conforming behavior.

Techniques of Neutralization

1.  Denial of Responsibility:

2.  Denial of Injury:

3.  Denial of Victim:

4.  Condemnation of the condemnors: 

5.  Appeal to Higher Authorities

B) SOCIAL CONTROL THEORIES

PREMISE:  People are born bad.  and that human beings must be held in check or somehow  controlled in order to suppress criminal tendencies.  

   Components of control:

• self control
• commitment to conformity

1)  Containment Theory: (Walter Reckless, 1967) 

PREMISE:  Society produces a series of pushes and pulls which tend to lead one into criminal behavior.  These may consist of

• Internal pushes:
• External Pressures:
• External Pulls:

Containments:

• Inner Containment:
• Outer Containment: 

Self concept.

2)  Social Control Theory (Travis Herschi, Causes of Delinquency, 1969)

PREMISE: Criminal behavior is linked to the bond an individual maintains with society and criminal acts result when those bonds are weakened or broken. This social bond is made up of four main elements.

• Attachment:

• Commitment:

• Involvement:

• Belief:  

  Hirschi's Research results (5 findings)

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.