CHAPTER 7
PAROLE
CORRECTIONAL SYSTEMS
PAROLE GROWTH RATE COMPARED
|
Year |
Total |
Probation |
Prison |
Jail |
Parole |
|
1980 |
|
61% |
17% |
10% |
12% |
|
1990 |
|
61% |
17% |
10% |
12% |
|
2000 |
|
59% |
20% |
9% |
11% |
|
Growth |
247% |
240% |
306% |
229% |
218% |
Europeon History:
A. Captain Alexander Maconochie
B. Sir Walter Crofton
American History:
Early pre parole practies
Cincinnati Declaration of Priciples
Zebulon Brockway--Indeterminate Sentence
Growth of Parole
Texas History:
1929:
1930-1947:
1935:
1947:
1956:
1957:
Discretionary Release:
Texas:
Fixed Determinate Sentence:
Most inmates will be eligible for parole when:
actual calendar time served + good conduct time = 1/4 of their sentence or 15 years whichever is less.
life sentence for capital offense: inmate must serve 40 years
Mandatory Release:
Texas:
Unconditional Release:
Composition
Texas:
6 offices throughout the State
Virtually no qualifications.
Duties:
Procedures
Parole release notifications
Pre-parole Investigations:
Pre- Release Report:
Institutional Adjustment
Release plan
Victim Impact Statement:
Parole Hearing:
Texas: Panels of 3 review the cases.
Two of the three must agree on a release to be granted.
Release Decisions:
Release Outcomes:
Release Rates
Texas: The parole board reviews about 30,000 cases per year. Rate is now 21%.
Report to the parole officer
Minimum:
Medium:
Maximum:
Obey all laws
Obtain permission to change residence or travel out of state
No firearms or illegal weapons
Don't associate with those of criminal background
No alcohol or drug use
Special conditions:
Halfway house, sex offender requirements, ISP, electronic monitoring, substance abuse treatment, educational programs, counseling
SISP (Super-Intensive Supervision Program
IV. Supervision in the Community
Parole Officers
Qualifications: Bachelors degree and 2 years experience
Classification:
Caseload:
Regular caseload = 69.
ISP = 27 (2,000)
SISP = 11 (1,500)
Rehabilitation programs
Project RIO: (Texas Re-integration of Offenders Project)
Substance Abuse Aftercare Treatment Program:
Sex Offender
Mentally disabled
Recidivism:
1983
25% arrested in 6 months
40% in first year
62% in 2 years
40% were be re-incarcerated within 3 years.
1994
30% arrested in first 6 months
44% in first year
59% in two years
67% in three years
52% were re-incarcerated within 3 years
Parole Revocation:
Types of violations:
technical
new offense
blue warrant: No bond
Hearing
Morrisey v. Brewer (1972) parolees have some basic rights
notice of the charges
notice of the evidence
speak on their own behalf
present witnesses
confront witnesses against them
neutral and detached hearing body
written statement from the hearing body as to the reason for their decision
Gagnon v. Scarpelli (1973): created an additional right to counsel in revocation hearings
V. Future of Parole
Does discretionary parole have a value?
VI. Other Release programs:
Pardons: restores civil rights
In Texas the governor can pardon but only after recommendation of the parole board.
Commutation:
VII. Loss of civil liberties (felony convictions)
Texas
Other States: