CHAPTER 2

CORRECTIONAL SYSTEMS AND PRACTICES

  1. EARLY LEGAL CODES

 Common Characteristics

 
  1. EUROPE--MIDDLE AGES

    2.  Influence of Church

     

     

     Commonalities

     

     

  2. ENGLAND--MIDDLE AGES

    3.  

     

     

  3. EUROPE: 15-17TH CENTURY

    4.  

     

  4. DEVELOPMENT OF PRISONS: ENGLAND

    5.  Jails (gaols)

     Bridewell and House of Corrections:

     John Howard: "The State of Prisons in England and Wales" 1774

    Recommended changes:

     

     

     

     

     

    Resulted in passage of the "Penitentiary Act of 1779"

  5. DEVELOPMMENT PRISONS: AMERICA

 Newgate of Connecticut

 Quaker reformers:

Benjamin Rush: Philadelphia society for Alleviating the Miseries of Public Prisons in 1787.

Walnut Street Jail

 

 

 

 PENITENTIARY ERA (1790's-1860's)

Shame offender into change

 Pennsylvania System:(separate system)

Eastern Penitentiary (1829-1971)

 

 

 

 

 

Advantages:

 

 

Disadvantages:

 

 

 Auburn System (congregate system)

Auburn Prison, New York (1819)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 REFORMATORY ERA: (1870's-1890's) p. 42

EDUCATION AND WORK: Release reformed offender on parole

 Conditions of Prisons per civil war

 

 

 

 

 

 Cincinnati Declaration of Principles (1870)

National Prison Association (American Correctional Association)

Enoch Wines

 Two principles:

 

 

 

 Elmira NY reformatory (500 bed) for first offenders (ages 16-30)Warden: Zebulon Brockway: (1876)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 Women's Reform

 Elizabeth Fry: English Quaker, 1800's

First all female prison with a female administration: Indiana (1873)

 

 PROGRESSIVE ERA (1890's- 1930's)

Social Workers enter prisons

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 MEDICAL MODEL (1930-1960's)

Rehabilitation model of corrections: The new penology

Offenders are ill and can be cured through treatment

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 COMMUNITY MODEL (1960's-1970's)

Reform offenders in the community

Prisoners revolts and lawsuits (Estelle v. Ruiz, 1972)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 CRIME CONTROL MODEL (1980-Present)

Lock'em up and throw away the key

 Primary purpose of criminal justice is retribution.

Offenders deserved to be punished based on their crime

 
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