politika da eTnokulturuli

procesebi saqarTveloSi

guram lekveiSvili,

politologi.

saqarTvelo polieTnikuri qveyanaa. es garemoeba qmnis siZneleebs, romlebic permanentulad Tan axlavs Cvens saxelmwifoebriv cxovrebas. iseT sazogadoebebSi, sadac eTnikuri umciresobebi arseboben, erovnul urTirTobaTa sakiTxebi xSirad mZafrad vlindeba, riTac ganisazRvreba problemis mniSvneloba.

erovnuli problemebis `gadasawyvetad~ sakmaod xelsayreli pirobebi saqarTveloSi iqmneboda. qarTveli xelisufalni `rudunebiT` epyrobodnen nacionalur sakiTxs, bejiTad atarebdnen cxovrebaSi `leninuri nacionaluri politikis` kurss. yrilobebis, plenumebis, aqtivebis, dadgenilebebis<sup>1</sup> da sxva RonisZiebaTa miRma ar rCeboda saqarTveloSi dasaxlebul erovnul umciresobaTa aqtualuri sakiTxebis ganxilva. yovelive es realurad gansazRvravda erovnul urTierTobaTa xasiaTs saqarTveloSi, sadac dRemde cxovrobs 80-ze meti erovnebis warmomadgeneli. maTgan 9 erovneba qveynis mniSvnelovan procents warmoadgens. paradoqsia, rom qveyanaSi, sadac mravali saukunis manZilze Camoyalibda qarTvelTa tolerantuli mentaliteti, mimtevebloba, Semwynarebloba da keTilganwyoba sxva xalxebis mimarT, TviTgvemiT Sepyrobili adgilobrivi xelisufleba umaRlesi instanciebis winaSe gamoxatavda `moyvasisadmi siyvaruls~. TiTqosda `romis papze ufro WeSmariti kaTolike~ Tavis internacionalur movaleobad miiCnevda eTnikuri umciresobebisaTvis gansakuTrebuli uflebebis boZebasa da miniWebas. proJeqtebisadmi midrekilebam SemoaRebina saqarTvelos xelmZRvanelobas iseTi upiratesobebi erovnuli niSnis mixedviT, romelTac analogi ara aqvs msoflio praqtikaSi. igulisxmeba limitebis gacema, erovnuli umciresobisaTvis umaRles saswavleblebSi Caricxvis kvotebis da SeRavaTiani swavlebis dakanoneba, maTTvis proporciuli warmomadgenlobis SemoReba partiul, sabWoTa da sameurneo organoebSi da sxva.²

mmarTvelobiTi sistemis maSindeli meqanizmis analizi cxadyofs, rom Sesabamisi organoebis saSualebiT xorcieldeboda ideebi, romlebic mimarTuli iyo xalxis ganwyobilebaze totaluri kontrolis dasamyareblad, am organoebs eniWebodaT ideologiuri `mediatoris~ roli, romlis meSveobiTac warimarTeboda sazogadoebrivi azris marTva.

procesebis gegmazomieri marTvisa da kontrolis uzrunvelsayofad saqarTvelos kompartiis centralur komitetTan Seiqmna `erTaSorisi urTierTobebis Semdgomi ganviTarebisa da mSromelTa internacionaluri aRzrdis saokoordinacio sabWo~, romlis saqmianobas safuZvlad daedo amierkavkasiis respublikebis kompartiaTa centraluri komitetebis mier damtkicebuli erToblivi kompleqsuri gegmebi. saCvenebeli moqmedebis sfero idealurad iyo SemuSavebuli, rasac ver vityviT mis praqtikul ganxorcielebaze. ar myardeboda kavSiri `miuwvdomel~, `gadaxvewil~, ucxo mxareSi mcxovreb qarTvelebTan. ufro metic, maT bedze zrunvas calkeul pirTa mxridan zemdgom organoebSi mkrexelobad miiCnevdnen. samagierod, gansakuTrebuli yuradReba eTmoboda qarTvel xelmZRvanelTa angariSgebas `mokavSireebis` winaSe saqarTveloSi mcxovreb umciresobaTa mdgomareobis Sesaxeb. msgavsi RonisZiebebi qarTvelTa partniorebs, garda Tvistomze zrunvisa, arafers avaldebulebda.

drois moTxovnilebis Sesabamisad daarsda xalxTa megobrobis muzeumi, romelic qarTvel da sabWoTa kavSiris sxva xalxebis `urRvev kavSirebs~ asaxavda.

am sferoSi garkveuli gamocdilebis SeZenisTanave muzeumi saqarTvelos kompartiis ck-Tan arsebul erovnuli urTiebobebis da mSromelTa internacionaluri aRzrdis sakoordinacio sabWos sabazo organizaciad iqca. gamoikveTa urTierTobaTa struqtura mbrZaneblur-administraciul aparatsa da muzeums Soris, sadac ukanasknels, partiis nebis gamomxatvelis, xalxTan urTierTobaSi Suamavlis roli mieniWa. xalxTa megobrobis gasamtkiceblad iSva mravali samuzeumo filiali moskovSi, biWvinTaSi, dmanisSi, marneulSi. gaixsna axundovis, meliq-faSaevis, Tumanianis da sxvaTa saxl-muzeumebi.

am suliskveTebiT iRvwodnen sazogadoebrivi organizaciebi, samecniero-kvleviTi da saswavlo dawesebulebebi. maTi Zalisxmeva `mecnierulad~ gaazrebul da politikurad Semowmebul internacionaluri aRzrdis rekomendaciebis SemuSavebisaken iyo mimarTuli.

respublikaSi iqmneboda xelsayreli pirobebi adgilobriv eTnikur umciresobaTa enis funqcionaluri ganviTarebisaTvis, mxatvruli Targmanisa da literaturuli urTierTobebis kolegia acnobda mkiTxvels saqarTveloSi da mis farglebs gareT mcxovreb sxvadasxva erovnebis xalxTa Semoqmedebas.

saqarTvelos SemoqmedebiT kavSirebTan funqcionirebdnen rusuli, azerbaijanuli, qurTuli, somxuri, osuri da sxvaTa seqciebi da jgufebi, romlebic aerTianebdnen sxvadasxva Taobis warmomadgenlebs. saqarTvelos kp centraluri komitetis gadawyvetilebiT, marto gamomcemloba `merani~ yovelwliurad somex prozaikosTa da poetTa nawarmoebebs ormoci saavtoro formis raodenobiT beWdavda.

urTierTobaTa mravalnairi formebis magaliTebia saestrado ansamblebis, qoreografiuli koleqtivebisa da mravalnacionaluri (qarTuli, rusuli, somxuri, azerbaijanuli, afxazuri, osuri da sxva) Teatraluri dasebis arseboba. saqarTvelos mxatvarTa kavSiris wevrTa Soris 60 rusi iyo, 48 _ somexi, 37 _ osi, 18 _ afxazi, 10 _ ebraeli, 3 _ azerbaijaneli, 1 _ qurTi da a.S. saqarTvelos umaRles saswavleblebsa da samecniero institutebSi iswavleboda umciresobaTa istoriuli da kulturuli urTierTobebi. erovnebaTaSoris urTierTobaTa sakiTxebs eZRvneboda saqarTveloSi Catarebuli samecniero simpoziumebi, konferenciebi, Sexvedrebi, TaTbirebi. tardeboda internacionaluri dResaswaulebi (`wiTeli xidi~, narimanovis, terianis, saiaTnovas da sxvaTa dReebi), viTardeboda da ixveweboda erTaSorisi urTierTobebis formebi, romlebic pasuxobdnen `ideologiur~ miswrafebebs.

dRes, winaaRmdegobiT aRsavse cvalebad periodSi, `leninuri nacionaluri politikis~ postulatebiT nasazrdoebma xalxebma sxvagvari urTierTobis damyareba iwyes. es urTierTobebi, rig SemTxvevebSi, sisxlian dapirispirebamde mivida. komunisturi eqsperimentis kraxis Semdeg Tavi iCina SeniRbulma da farulma winaaRmdegobebma, rac gamoixata damoukideblobis, avtonomiis moTxovnebiT, teritoriuli pretenziebiT, kulturuli gaucxoebiT, religiuri SuRliT, istoriulad Camoyalibebuli demografiuli situaciis SecvliT da sxva.

saqarTveloSi momxdarma movlenebma cxadyo, rom qarTvelTa erovnuli ideebi yovlad miuRebeli iyo zogierTi erovnebis warmomadgenlebisaTvis, radgan im SemTxvevaSi, roca qarTvel erSi Rvivdeboda erovnuli TviTSegneba, saqarTveloSi mcxovreb sxva erovnebebSi iRviZebda qarTvelebis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli kontrnacionaluri ganwyobileba.

demokratiuli saxelmwifo ar arsebobs demokratiuli sazogadoebis gareSe, magram mis Camoyalibebas dro esaWiroeba.

postsabWour periodSi qarTuli saxelmwifos winaSe dadga iseTi problemebi, rogoricaa: eTnikuri TviTSegneba, erovnuli urTierToba, religiuri mimarTulebebi, separatistuli da iredentuli tendenciebi. am fonze saqarTvelo ar aRmoCnda mzad demokratiuli saxelmwifos mowyobisaTvis.

aucilebelia Tematizeba mniSvnelobisa, romelic am movlenebs aqvs saqarTvelosTvis dRes, roca msoflio politikur azrovnebaSi isaxeba separatizmis gamarTlebisa da masTan Seguebis tendencia. saqarTvelo aris diasporebis qveyana da radgan maTi mosvla saqarTvelos teritoriaze stiqiurad an iZulebiT moxda, iredentistul ganwyobas saqarTveloSi ara aqvs arc istoriuli da arc samarTlebrivi safuZveli, misma mzardma gaaqtiurebam ki SeiZleba daanawevros qarTuli saxelmwifo rogorc teritoriuli, istoriuli, ekonomikuri, politikuri da kulturuli mTeli an, ukeTes SemTxvevaSi, Secvalos misi sazRvrebi.

saqarTvelos teritoria gaazrebul unda iqnes, rogorc erovnul-saxelmwifoebrivi teritoria. iyo da aris saxelmwifoebi, romlebic droTa viTarebaSi sxva xalxebis dapyrobis Sedegad Camoyalibdnen. maTi teritoria aris gansazRvruli politikuri nebis gavlenis sferoSi SemTxveviT moqceuli geografiuli sivrce, magram aris saxelmwifoebi, romelTa teritoria warmoadgens konkretul fizikur-geografiul da ekonomikur-geografiul arealze mimdinare imanenturi social-ekonomikuri da eTnikur-kulturuli mravalsaukunovani ganviTarebis kanonzomier politikur gamovlinebas. swored amgvari procesebis Sedegad yalibdeba erovnul-saxelmwifoebrivi teritoriebi. aseTTa ricxvs miekuTvneba istoriuli saqarTveloc.

politikuri procesebis paralelurad mimdinare kulturuli da eTnogenetikuri procesebi mowmobs, rom dasavluri da aRmosavluri qarTuli saxelmwifoebi, iseve, rogorc erTiani saqarTvelos saxelmwifo, qarTveli xalxis istoriuli Semoqmedebaa. saqarTvelos saxelmwifos `eTnoponimuri~ konturebi adasturebs imas, rom mocemuli geografiuli areali aTaswleulebis ganmavlobaSi ucxoTa mier qarTvelTa kuTvnil teritoriad iyo aRarebuli. amrigad, qarTvel xalxs sruli samarTlebrivi suverenuli ufleba aqvs dRevandeli saqarTvelos mTel teritoriaze, romlis arc erTi metri dapyrobis Sedegad ar aris SeZenili.

saxelmwifos Zliereba da erTianoba martooden politikur Rirebulebebs ar unda efuZnebodes, aseT SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba Seiqmnes mdgomareoba, rodesac sazogadoebis wevrebi an erTi saxelmwifos moqalaqeebi arafriT ar arian erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli, garda samarTlebrivi sistemis, e.i. ara aqvT saerTo Rirebulebebi da sruli normatuli sistema, ver pouloben saerTo enas rogorc pirdapiri, ise metaforuli azriT. amasTan erTad, aucilebelia RirebulebaTa sistemis erTianoba da sulieri Tanaziaroba, rac, upirveles yovlisa, saerTo enis safuZvelze aris SesaZlebeli. saerTo ena aris moqalaqeTa eTnikuri gaucxoebis daZlevis erT-erTi yvelaze efeqturi da racionaluri saSualeba. saqarTvelos moqalaqeTa damokidebuleba qarTuli enisadmi, rogorc saerTo enisadmi, aris simboluri gamoxatuleba imisa, Tu rogoria damokidebuleba qarTuli saxelmwifos ideisadmi.

Cven saxelmwifos yvelaze susti mxare enobrivi dagegmvis, e.i. am sferoSi qmediTi politikuri nebis uqonloba iyo, rogorc adre, amJamadac saxelmwifos zrunva enis mimarT epizodurad mxolod puristul moTxovnebSi gamoixateba, magram enis siwmindis moTxovna ufro lingvisturi problemaa, vidre politikuri, romelmac unda gansazRvros qarTuli enis mniSvneloba da funqcionirebis pirobebi polieTnikur da mravalenovan qveyanaSi da uzrunvelyos misi sruli da erTiani gamoyeneba cxovrebis yvela sferoSi. qarTul enas aqvs sociolingvistikaSi dadgenili yvela atributi, rac qmnis samarTlebriv safuZvels saimisod, rom igi saerTo enis funqcias asrulebdes qarTul saxelmwifoSi. es atributebia: standartuloba, cxovelmyofeloba, istoriuloba, avtonomiuroba. garda amisa, igi aris umravlesobis ena, romelsac safuZvels umagrebs didi istoriuli tradicia, rogorc am atributebis erTianoba.

zogierTi politikosi fiqrobda, rom qarTuli enis statusis da erovnul urTierTobaTa problema TavisTavad, politikuri aqtiurobis gareSe gadawydeba. amave dros, dauSvebelia es problema cxovrebis stiqias mivandoT. TviTdineba da SemTxveviToba SeiZleba mxolod qaosis safuZveli iyos. am pasiuri poziciis namdvili mizezi iyo SiSiT da gaubedaobiT gamowveuli garigeba sinamdvilesTan, imedi gonierebisa, romelic, TiTqos, TavisTavad gaikvlevs gzas am sinamdvileSi, rwmena, rom yvelaferi TavisTavad mogvardeboda. es maSin, roca adamianis samyaroSi araferi ar xdeba misi mizandasaxulobisa da aqtiurobis gareSe.

miuxedavad mware gamocdilebisa, marTvis tradiciuli da aprobirebuli formebisa da meTodebis gamoyenebiT erovnul umciresobaTa SeRavaTebis principi dRemde xorcieldeboda. 1993 wlis 25 marts saqarTvelos moqalaqeobis Sesaxeb miRebul kanonSi ar aris dawesebuli cenzi moqalaqeobis SeZenisaTvis. kanonSi ganaTlebis Sesaxeb (1997 w.) gansazRvrulia mSobliur enaze ganaTlebis miRebis ufleba. saqarTvelos konstituciaSi (1995 w.) ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli moqalqeobis miRebisaTvis, Tanamdebobis dakavebisaTvis saxelmwifo enis codnis Semowmeba. arsebiTad miuRebelia azri, rom qarTulma enam Tavisi funqcia unda Seasrulos mxolod saqarTvelos saxelmwifos srulyofilad Camoyalibebis Semdeg.

90-iani wlebis dasawyisSi saqarTvelos mosaxleobis erovnul struqturaSi mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi moxda. qveynidan gaedina erovnul umciresobaTa nawili.

es movlena ganapiroba saqarTvelos ganviTarebis obieqturma Taviseburebebma erovnul-ganmanTavisuflebelma moZraobam, saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobisaken swrafvam, konsolidaciisaken qarTvelTa tendenciis gaZlierebam.

dRevandel saqarTveloSi xalxi mZime socialur-ekonomikur pirobebSi cxovrobs. es exeba yvelas, ganurCevlad erovnebisa. Tumca arsebuli viTareba sruliadac ar uSlis xels nacionalur umciresobaTa sazogadoebrivi organizaciebisa da gaerTianebebis farTe miznebisa da amocanebis ganxorcielebas. saqarTvelos parlamentis mier 1994 wels miRebuli moqalaqeTa sazogadoebrivi gaerTianebis kanonis mixedviT, qveyanaSi funqcionirebs 50-mde organizacia da gaerTianeba, romlebic sargebloben permanentuli keTilganwyobiTa da mxardaWeriT istoriuli samSoblos, adgilobrivi mTavrobisa da saerTaSoriso organizaciebis mxridan. maT warmatebiT daasrules struqturuli formirebis procesebi, mTeli saqarTvelos teritoriaze daaarses TavianTi ganyofilebebi da filialebi, Seqmnes metarialur-teqnikuri bazebi, SeimuSaves moqmedebis kursi da politika, gansazRvres wesdeba, sadac ganmartebulia gegmebi da programebi, funqciebi da uflebebi.

respublikaSi erovnuli umciresobebis sulieri memkvidreobis gaRvivebis process didad uwyobs xels maT enaze gazeTebisa da Jurnalebis, radiosa da televiziis redaqciebis funqcionireba, Zeglebis, taZrebisa da eklesiebis arseboba, SemoqmedebiTi organizaciebis da koleqtivebis Camoyalibeba (5 saxelmwifo da 6 saxalxo Teatri, 9 muzeumi, 10 TviTSemoqmedebiTi ansambli).

warmatebiT xorcieldeba saxelmwifoebrivi politika umciresobis mimarT ganaTlebis dargSic. saqarTveloSi (monacemebi moyvanilia afxazeTisa da cxinvalis gareSe) funqcionirebs 214 rusuli (87 skola da 127 seqtori) 44.439 moswavlis saerTo kontingentiT. 167 azerbaijanuli (159 skola da 8 seqtori) 41.886 moswavleTa saerTo kontigentiT da 158 somxuri (136 skola da 22 seqtori) 28.139 moswavlis saerTo kontigentiT saswavlebeli. saqarTvelos saxelmwifo umaRles saswavleblebSi 50-mde specialoba iswavleba rusul enaze. garda amisa, Tsu-Si aswavlian axal berZnul enasa da literaturas, kavkasiur enebsa da literaturas. Tbilisis pedagogiur universitetSi moqmedebs somxuri da azerbaijanuli enisa da literaturis fakultetebi.

eTnikur umciresobaTa warmomadgenlebs ukaviaT Tanamdebobebi rogorc sakanonmdeblo, ise aRmsasrulebel organoebSi.

mravali wlis manZilze, saxelmwifoebrivi principebis uqonlobam, ususuri doqtrinebis SeqmniT gatacebam, gaumarTlebeli micem-miRebis da daTmobis politikam, istoriis falsificirebam qarTveli eri sakuTar samSobloSi ukontrolo situaciis mZevlad aqcia. es gaxlavT faqtebis arasruli nusxa, romelic saqarTveloSi eTnokulturul procesebs da maTi marTvis politikas asaxavs. ikisres ra istoriuli pasuxismgebloba, velikoderJavelebma RirebulebaTa TavianTi sazomiT daadgines saqarTvelos mkvidri eris danaSauli sxvaTa winaSe. mocemul istoriul periodSi diskreditebuli qarTvelebi arasaxarbielo mdgomareobaSi aRmoCndnen da sxvasTan Tanasworobis niSanic ki, garkveulwilad, jer marTvis mankieri stilis, xolo Semdeg Zalismieri meTodis gamoyenebiT aRmofxvril iqna maTi cnobierebidan. im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac qvena grZnobebi ar izRudeba racioTi da moraliT, azrovneba mkacr politikas mainc unda daemorCilos. aseTi politikis gatareba SeiZleba dagviandes imis gamo, rom problemas gacilebiT Rrmad aqvs gamdgari fesvebi. saqme isaa, rom nomenklaturuli da kriminaluri elitis simbiozi sabWoTa sinamdvilis ganuyofel nawils warmoadgenda da es fsiqologiuri dominanti dRevandel sazogadoebaSic myaria. maTi Tanacxovreba savsebiT Seesabameba sadReiso interesebs.

aqedan gamomdinare, upirveles amocanad migvaCnia ar veZeboT kompromisebi nacional-separatistul-iredentistulad ganwyobil adamianebTan, aramed vizrunoT iseTi RonisZiebebis ganxorcielebisaTvis, romlebic mimarTuli iqneba sakuTar istoriul miwaze diskriminirebuli qarTveli xalxis SebRaluli uflebebis aRdgenisa da dacvisaken.