miwa, separatizmi
da demografia

Tengiz CxeiZe _ saqarTvelos erovnuli akademiis vice-prezidenti, istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori

XVIII s. 70-ian wlebSi aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mosaxleobis 20% araqarTveli iyo. isini gansakuTrebiT kompaqturad iyvnen dasaxlebuli TbilisSi, gorsa da TelavSi. 90-ian wlebSi bolnisSi Caasaxles asamde komli erevneli moqalaqe. aRa-mahmad xanis Semosevis Semdeg aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTel rig raionebSi daiwyo yarabaRisa da erevnis saxanoebis meliqebis gadmosaxleba TavianTi yma-glexebiT.

amierkavkasiaSi Tavis dasayrdenad carizmi, ZiriTadad, somxur mosaxleobas miiCnevda. Tavdapirvelad mas imedi hqonda germaneli da rusi kolonistebis, magram, radgan maTi ricxvi umniSvnelo iyo, dasayrdenad mainc somxuri mosaxleoba iqca.

1828 wels ruseTma TurqeTs waarTva qarTveli mahmadianebiT dasaxlebuli samcxe, javaxeTi da eruSeTi. mosaxleoba aq iseT gausaZlis sulier mdgomareobaSi Caagdes, rom qarTvelma mahmadianebma TavianTi mamapapeuli samSoblodan ayra da osmaleTSi gadasaxleba arCies. paskeviCma qristian qarTvelebsac ar darTo iq Casaxlebis neba da maT magier osmaleTidan gadmosaxlebuli 30 aTasi somexi Caasaxla. 1828 wlis am RonisZiebamde mesxeTSi mosaxleobis 

95 procents qarTveloba Seadgenda. 1832 wels umravlesoba ukve araqarTveli iyo. amave periodSi safuZveli Caeyara SavizRvispira zolSi somxebis kompaqtur dasaxlebas. miwebis mniSvnelovani nawili swored maT xelSi aRmoCnda. imave dros maT aqtiurad daiwyes somxuri grigorianuli eklesiebis mSenebloba, rasac qarTveli mosaxleobis gasomxeba mohyva.

es procesi kidev ufro gaZlierda sabWoTa xelisuflebis dros. saqme isaa, rom qarTvelma komunistebma, romlebic mtkiced icavdnen aTeistur moZRvrebas, aSkara brZola gamoucxades qarTul eklesiebSi bavSvebis monaTvlas. amitom, qarTvelebs, TavianTi bavSvebi farulad mihyavdaT somxur grigorianul eklesiaSi mosanaTlad, sadac somexi mRvdelmTavrebi siamovnebiT atarebdnen naTlobis ceremonials da monaTlul bavSvebs gvarTan erTad erovnebasac ucvlidnen. ase kargavda qvemo qarTlis mosaxleoba miwas da erovnebas.

XIX saukunis 70-ian wlebSi qvemo qarTlSi iwyeba muslimanuri mosaxleobis Camosaxleba. Tavdapirvelad Camosaxlebul iqna 4000 komli. gansakuTrebiT gaZlierda es procesi baqosa da ganjis saxanoebis SemoerTebis Semdeg. saqme isaa, rom ruseTis xelisufalni yovel Rones xmarobdnen, gaukacrielebeli teritoriebi savargulebad eqciaT da didi Semosavalic mieRoT.

qvemo qarTlSi Camosaxlebulni momTabare cxovrebas misdevdnen. adre gazafxulze dedawulianad, saqonelTan erTad midiodnen ialaRebze sacxovreblad. gvian Semodgomaze ukan brundebodnen. rogorc wesi, isini ar eweodnen miwaTmoqmedebas. dabali iyo maTi cxovrebis rogorc ekonomikuri, ise kulturuli done.

TiTqmis naxevari saukune dasWirda TaTruli mosaxleobis momTabareobidan miwaTmoqmed da binadar cxovrebaze gadasvlas.

marTalia, qvemo qarTlis momTabare muslimanuri mosaxleoba Tavis primitiul moTxovnilebebs advilad ikmayofilebda, magram sagrZnoblad aferxebda sawarmoo ZalTa ganviTarebas. qveynis ekonomikis ganviTarebis Semaferxebeli caristuli politikis miuxedavad, axalma kapitalisturma urTierTobebma aiZula mefis mTavroba xeli Seewyo iseTi wamowyebisaTvis, romelic aaRorZinebda soflis meurneobis mTel rig dargebs.

80-ian wlebSi ruseTis samefo karma amierkavkasiaSi SeiZina didZali miwebi. qvemo qarTlsa da kaxeTSi. Seqmna saufliswulo uwyebebi. manve 1886 wels milion naxevar maneTad SeiZina al. WavWavaZis 15089 ha mamuli. amave periodSi saimperatoro saxlma saqarTveloSi SeiZina 121000 ha miwa.

saufliswulo saxlma Seqmna mevenaxeoba-meRvineobis, memindvreobis, mebambeobis, mesaqonleobis, metyeveobisa da mefutkreobis meurneobebi. amave dros, uwyebis mier didZali miwebi iqna gacemuli ijariT adgilobriv mosaxleobaze da ucxoelebze.

am gziT rusi da ucxoeli kapitalistebi kolosalur mogebas naxulobdnen. didZali kapitali, romelic maT aq daagroves, cxadia, erovnul saqmes ar xmardeboda da arc qarTveli glexkacis mdgomareobis gaumjobesebas isaxavda miznad.

qveynis ekonomikur dapyrobasa da eqspluatacias isaxavda miznad, agreTve, ruseTis mier amierkavkasiisa da, kerZod, saqarTvelos kolonizacia. carizmis politikiT, saqarTveloSi Camosaxlebul kolonistebs unda gaeumjobesebinaT soflis meurneoba, gaeSenebinaT axali kulturebi da daenergaT miwis damuSavebis axali meTodebi.

carizmma ucxoel da rus kolonistebs saukeTeso pirobebi Seuqmna; gamouyo maT didZali da xarisxiani miwebi, misca sesxebi. qarTveli glexi ki ekonomikurad dabeCavebuli rCeboda.

XX saukunis damdegs marto qvemo qarTlSi 63 qarxana iyo, aqedan 34 ekuTvnoda Sveicariel moijares, 23 rus kolonists, 4 _ germanels, 2 _ qarTvels.

aRniSnul periodSi ruseTis saxelmwifo xazina, saufliswulo uwyeba da kolonistebi saqarTveloSi flobdnen daaxloebiT 3 mln. heqtar miwas. es farTobi kidev ufro gaizrdeboda, rom ara 1917 wlis revolucia.

carizmis varaudi, rom ucxoel kolonistTa amierkavkasiaSi CamosaxlebiT radikalurad Seicvleboda warmoebis wesi, ar gamarTlda. marTalia, ucxoelebma CvenSi Seqmnes sanimuSo fermebi, sawarmoebi, magram qarTvelma mosaxleobam maTgan bevri veraferi SeiZina. magaliTad, f. kuCenbaxi Tavis mamulSi aravis uSvebda, rom misgan ar gadaeRoT meurneobis gaZRolis uaxlesi xerxebi da arc faravda amas. samagierod iyo SemTxvevebi, rodesac ucxoeli fermeri kapitalisti TavianT meurneobaSi iyenebda qarTul tradiciebs, adaT-wesebs.

amrigad, saqarTveloSi sxvadasxva dros, politikuri Tu sxva mizniT ltolvilebis, xiznebis Camosaxleba, cxadia, qarTuli erovnuli interesebiT ar iyo gamowveuli, piriqiT, uaryofiT gavlenas axdenda soflis meurneobis ekonomikur ganviTarebaze.

mosaxleobis migraciul procesebs, dadebiT mxaresTan erTad bevri uaryofiTi Sedegebic axlavs. dRes saqarTveloSi 700 aTasi muslimani cxovrobs. qvemo qarTlis saukeTeso savargulebis didi nawili swored maT xelSia maSin, rodesac adgilobrivi aborigeni qarTuli mosaxleoba miwis did naklebobas ganicdis. es seriozuli da eris interesbisaTvis saSiS problemad iqca, radgan separatizms swored miwis floba da dasakuTreba udevs safuZvlad.

Cveni samSoblo Sagrenis tyaviviT ikumSeba da pataravdeba. yoveldRiurad icvleba demorafiuli suraTi xiznebis sasargeblod da qarTvelebis sazianod. sasazRvro zolSi, dedaqalaqSi da mis SemogarenSi Cndeba kompaqturi, araqarTuli dasaxlebani: soflebi, ubnebi, kvartlebi da raionebi. amaSi rom darwmundeT, abrZandiT `eliaze~. aq zangebsac ki naxavT sakuTar saxlebSi.

dReisaTvis demografiuli da eTnikuri mdgomareoba kidev ufro rTuli da savalaloa. yoveli Rone unda vixmaroT mis gamosasworeblad. udavoa, rom miwis yidva-gayidvis SemoReba problemis gadaWras xels ver Seuwyobs. piriqiT, kidev ufro gaauaresebs. amitom gardamaval periodSi Tavi unda SevikavoT miwis yidva-gayidvisagan. samagierod, farTod gamoviyenoT miwaTmflobelobis iseTi universaluri da moqmedi forma, rogoric ijaraa. Tavis droze, swored man Seuwyo xeli evropisa da amerikis soflis meurneobis naxtomisebur ganviTarebas. dResac farTod iyeneben mas msoflios TiTqmis yvela qveyanaSi.

mefis ruseTis saimperatoro kari, saufliswulo uwyebis mesveurebi, msxvil kapitalist-fermerTa didi nawili da calkeuli pirebi (maT Soris borjomis mamulis mflobeli, mefis Zma mixeili) saqarTvelos gareT cxovrobdnen da iqidan eweodnen qveynis eqspluatacias, gahqondaT didZali kapitali. somxuri eklesiac, romelic qarTul miwaze arsebobda, `mogebas~ eCmiaZins (centrs) ugzavnida. amrigad, imis Tqma, rom `miwas zurgze xom ver moikideben~, an `dagrovebul kapitals sad waiReben~, gulubryvilobaa.

ucxoel kapitalistTa mier saqarTvelodan miRebuli kapitali rom qarTvel xalxs darCenoda, igi Tavisuflad SeZlebda sakuTar sawarmoo ZalTa ganviTarebas. amiT Tavidan avicilebdiT im ekonomikur krizisebs, romlebic ganvicadeT da dResac ganvicdiT.

socializmis periodSi miwis yidva-gayidva sastikad iyo akrZaluli. magram ra masStabebi miiRo man qvemo qarTlsa da SavizRvispireTSi, yvelasaTvisaa cnobili. advili warmosadgenia, ra Sedegebs miviRebT, rodesac miwaze yidva-gayidvis masobriv uflebas SemoviRebT.

ilia WavWavaZe upiratesobas miwis saTemo sakuTrebas aniWebda.

gasul saukuneSi moqmedi `saTemo miwaTmflobeloba~ harmoniul urTierTobas qmnida kerZo sakuTrebasa da soflis glexobis erovnul interesebs Soris. minimumamde iyo dayvanili Secdomebi, ukanonoba da usamarTloba.

gardamaval periodSi miwis yidva-gayidva ar unda davuSvaT. magram es ar niSnavs, uari vTqvaT miwis reformaze. miwa unda gadaeces mSromel glexobas, fermerebs, moqalaqeebs, yvela msurvels, visac masze muSaoba surs. magram, pirvel rigSi unda ganisazRvros moqalaqisa da soflis statusi, Seiqmnas miwis kanoni da rac mTavaria, gardamaval periodSi unda aRdges soflis TviTmmarTveloba, romelic iqmneboda saukuneebis manZilze gamomuSavebul tradiciebze da adaT-wesebze, romelsac didi ilia `ubiurokrato, uCinovniko marTva-gamgeobas uwodebda...~

soflis meurneoba erovnuli ekonomikis safuZvelia, romelmac winamZRolis roli unda Seasrulos qveynis krizisidan gamoyvanis saqmeSi. dargi imis gamoa aseT katastroful mdgomareobaSi, rom ar gagvaCnia misi ganviTarebis strategiuli koncefcia. gansazRvruli ar aris misi fundamenturi mniSvneloba. saqarTvelo saxelmwifo ver gaxdeba da erovnul damoukideblobas ver moipovebs maRalganviTarebuli soflis meurneobis gareSe. erovnuli damoukideblobis safuZveli da garantia swored es dargia. ar SeiZleba mudam

sxvisi daxmarebis imedze viyoT. bolo aTi wlis manZilze dargis aRorZinebisaTvis miRebulia daaxloebiT erTi miliardi dolari daxmareba grantisa da sesxis saxiT. magram soflis meurneobas erTi centic ar moxmarebia. amitom dRiTidRe uaresdeba igi da araviTari winsvla ar SeiniSneba.