kulturis krizisi,

eTnizmi da eroba

levan dalaqiSvili _ filologiur mecnierebaTa kandidati, saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis savle wereTlis saxelobis filosofiis institutis ufrosi mecnier-TanamSromeli.

kultura yofnisTvis sazrismimniWebluri cxovrebaa adamianisa da yvelaferi is, rac ase cxovrebiT Seuqmnia mas. aseTi definicia kulturis Tavisebur `orlesulobas~ migvaniSnebs; ori mxare aqvs kulturas, ori mxriT SeiZleba mivudgeT da davakvirdeT mas: erTi garegani, obieqtivirebuli, anu is, rac arsebobs, rogorc qmnileba, Zegli, nimuSi kulturisa da meore _ Sinagani, subieqturi. kulturis es meore mxare `Sedgeba~ Cemi (adamianis) sazrisTSemoqmedebiTi intenciebisagan, Cemi neba-survil-SeZlebisagan vqmna sazrisebi. aseTi gayofa, ra Tqma unda, pirobTia, radgan kulturis qmnilebas, rogorc ukve arsebuls, sazrisi aqvs ara ise, rogorc atams kurka, aramed mxolod imdenad, ramdenadac kulturosani vinme axerxebs es sazrisi amoikiTxos qmnilebaSi, anu `Cados~ igi masSi.

kulturis obieqturi qmnileba rom saxes, garkveulobas adamianis Sinagani sazrisTmqmneli aqtivobidan iZens, am oris Taviseburi Sexvedrisas, kargad Cans, vTqvaT, qristianuli taZris magaliTze: Tu me urwmuno var da ver miviCnev taZars RvTis saxlad ama qveynad, maSin taZari `mkvdaria~, rogorc qristianuli Sinaarsis mtvirTveli ram; magram _ kulturis obieqtivirebuli qmnilebis subieqturTan, SinaganTan `SexvedriT cocxlobis` sabuTad vityvi _ igive taZari aRdgeba 

rogorc qmnileba, rawams masSi axal mniSvnelobas vdeb, vTqvaT, aRviqvam mas gansazRvruli epoqis xuroTmoZRvrebis nimuSad.

kulturis krizisSi ori ram igulisxmeba: kultura, rogorc sazrisTa obieqtivirebuli, `ukve qmnili~ sistema Tavisi Zveli mniSvnelobiT veRar mniSvnelobs da verc axali sazrisTsistemis qmna mogvixerxebia. es azria gamoTqmuli paul tilixis sityvebiT: `meoce saukunis adamianma dahkarga gasazrisianebuli samyaro da is me, romelic goniTi centridan warmomdgar sazrisTa am samyaroSi cxovrobda~ (3, gv. 99). ra aris mizezi amgvari viTarebisa?

is, rom cxovrebis megzurobas axla pozitivistur-naturalisturi filosofia eweva ufro, vidre romelime sxva msoflmxedvelobrivi sistema, evropis istoriis garkveuli xanidan, mizezTa gamo, romelTac aq ver Sevexebi, adamianma Tavi sasicocxlo energiis SezRuduli maragis mqone tanad gaigo; xolo TavisTvis Sesafer yofnad, anu yofnad upiratesi azriT _ tanis komfortul-uxangrZlivesi arseboba amqveynad. yofnis aseT gagebas Sedegad mohyva gamomTvlel-moangariSe azrovnebis gabatoneba da teqnikis arnaxuli ganviTareba. am tipis azrovnebam, teqnikur saqmianobasTan erTad, pirTamde aavso yofa nivTier-materialuri saqonliT da gaajera informaciiT, romelic, agreTve, saqonlis aucilebel nairsaxeobad aris miCneuli. orgvarive am nawarmis `masa~ mravaljer aRemata im odenobas, romliTac adamians SeeZlo misi aTviseba. Zireulad Secvlilma yofam Secvala myofic _ adamiani.

pirvandeli CanafiqriT cxovrebis gaiolebisaTvis Seqmnilma teqnikam TviTon adamiani moiTxova mTlad da Tavad mizani saSualebad iqca. teqnikuri danadgarebis Seqmna, maTi mudmivi srulyofa; Tundac mxolod sayofacxovrebo manqana-iaraRebis xmarebisa da movla-patronobis codna erTis mxriv, da informirebis uZlieres saSualebaTagan miRebul umravalgvares Setyobinebebze gapasuxebis saWiroeba, meore mxriv, mTlianad iTxovs da `iqiT miixmars~ adamianis sulier Zalebs, aRar utovebs mas cxovrebis azrze dafiqrebis drosa da unars.

aravin uaryofs: is, rasac goniTs varqmevT adamianSi, gansazRvruli tipis sulieri aqtebis saxiT gveZleva. maTi ganxorcielebisTvis aucilebelia gonieri cocxali arseba; xolo sicocxlisaTvis saWiroa tanis saTanado simrTele. sulier-goniTobas amdenad da am azriT tanis garkveuli mdgomareoba marTlac esaWiroeba `sayrdenad~, magram sulier-goniTi aqtebi Tavis mxriv qmnian kulturas, adamianis samyaros misi sazris-mniSvnelobebiT, romelTaganac ganisazRvreba saboloo `fasi~ tanis simrTelisac da TviT sicocxlisac; sulier-goniTi fenomenebia is ukanaskneli instancia, romelic adgens yofnis sazriss da mis Sesabamisad moawyobs yofasac.

Tanamedrove adamianma dahkarga Tavisi cxovrebisaTvis goniTis, sulismieris egzomi mniSvnelobis cnobiereba, magram damaimedebelia is, rom man `jerac icis, Tu ra dahkarga an ris kargvas ganagrZobs~ (3, gv.99); adamianSi mTlad ar Camqrala imisi xedva, rom cxovrobs mudam ise, rogorc gaegeba yofnis raoba da TavisTvis Sesaferi wesi cxovrebisa, xolo gageba gonebis saqmea.

amrigad: goni qmnis samyaros, romelSic myofobs adamiani. rogoria adamianis yofna misganve qmnil samyaroSi? misadgomebs am sakiTxis garkvevisaken filosofiuri teqstebi xsnian; me huserlis teqsts virCev, romelic Tavisi msoflxedviTi orientaciiT srul harmoniaSia adamianis yofnis imgvar gagebasTan, rac zemoT davalage.

huserli sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebidan gonismecnierebaTa sferoSi gadainacvlebs da wers: `am mecnierebebSi Teoriuli interesi sagangebod aris mimarTuli adamianze rogorc pirovnebaze, mis pirovnul

cxovrebasa da moqmedebaze iseve, rogorc am moqmedebis Sedeg-warmonaqmnebze. pirovnuli yofna aris socializebuli cxovreba `me~-sa da `Cven~-is saxiT gansazRvrul socialur horizonts SigniT, nairgvar martiv an garTulebul sazogadoebriv warmonaqmnTa Soris, rogoricaa: ojaxi, eri, zeerovnuli erToba. am konteqstSi sityvas `cxovreba~ aqvs ukve ara fiziologiuri Sinaarsi, aramed igi aRniSnavs mizanmimarTul cxovelqmedebas, romelic goniTis rigis struqturebsa qmnis; ufarToesi mniSvnelobiT _ `esaa cxovreba, romelic uwyvet istoriul procesSi qmnis kulturas~
(1, gv.297).

motanil teqstSi aris pasuxi zemoT dasmul kiTxvaze: adamiani kulturSemoqmedebis koleqtiur procesSi myofobs Tavis samyaroSi; misi yofna TviT am samyaros, kulturuli samyaros qmnaa. aqve huserli sxva sagulisxmo momentsac aRniSnavs: kulturis qmna uwyveti istoriuli procesia. istoriuloba niSnavs imas, rom nebismieri rangis kulturSemoqmedi sociumis (ojaxis, eris, zeerovnuli erTobis Tu sxva ram tipobrivi jgufis) yofna¹ araa `aq da axla~-Si dateul myisier wamowyebaTa jami, igi warsulSia fesvgadgmuli; eyrdnoba gardasul TaobaTa danatovars, anu maTgan moRweuli da sagangebod moZiebul-gadmoRebuli sulieri saganZuris memkvidrea.

kulturSemoqmedebis procesis dasaxasiaTeblad erTmaneTs SevadaroT misi mimdinareoba sxvadasxvarig socialur warmonaqmnebSi: eTnossa da erSi.

eTnosis cneba Tavisi miRebuli da gavrcelebuli mniSvnelobiT berZnuli sityvis semantikas eyrdnoba. `etnos~ berZnulad niSnavs: modgmas, toms, jogs, remas, xalxs, ers, erovnebas (6). cneba eTnosi ki aRniSnavs

adamianTa bunebiTs, TavisTavad `ase mocemul~ erTobas. eTnosi iseTi warmonaqmnia, romlis CamoyalibebaSic wvlili ar midevs; eTnoss dabadebiT vekuTvni. individis eTnikuri niSnebi moicavs: temperaments, mixra-moxras, kanisa da Tmis Seferilobas, xasiaTs, Cveul gunebaTa im Taviseburebebs, romlebic mas sisxlismier kavSirTagan Semtkicebuli `Cven-jgufis~ CamomavlobiT rgebia. vityviT: eTnikuri Cineli, maori an zulusio da vgulisxmobT, rom mavani tomobriv², sisxlismier xsenebul jgufTagan erT-erTs ekuTvnis.

eTnikuri TviTcnobierebis individi da mTeli eTnosic gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas aniWeben maTi erTobis bunebiTs, sisxlismier safuZvels. eTnosi Seuvalia sisxliT gareSes mimarT, am mxriv `sxva~ jobs eTnoss miRma rCebodes. eTnoss axasiaTebs kulturuli qsenofobiac. is cdilobs Tavisi adaT-wesebi, zneCveulebani ucxo gavlenaTagan xeluxleblad Seinaxos da amgvarad waxdena aaridos maT. aseTi introversia eTnosis kulturSemoqmedebiT energias tradiciaTa dacvas gadaagebs. eTnosi konservatulia; asea Tu ise, kulturuli cxovreba _ metwil tradiciaTa Senaxva-gadacemis saxisa _ dasturdeba socialuri yofis (jgufSi TviTdadginebis) iseT formaSic, rogoricaa eTnosi.

jgufuri TviTdadginebis sxva formaa eri. eTnikuri Cineli, maori an zulusi `erobriv~, SesaZloa, ingliseli, frangi an germaneli iyos; imis mixedviT, Tu romel kulturaSi aRizrdeba, romlis sulier-goniTs saxes miiRebs, gaiTavisebs. erovnuli TviTcnobierebis piri Tavis `Cven jgufs~, ers saerTo kulturis safuZvelze uerTiandeba. erisa mTlianad da misi wevrebis vinaobis

ganmsazRvreli aris kultura; `eriskacma~ Tavisi kulturuli meoba icis sxva erTa kulturuli vinaobis mxedvelma, misi gaTvaliswineliT da, rogorc wesi, sxvaTa sxvaobas ganicdis da afasebs ara saxifaTo radme, aramed rogorc Rirs-SesaniSnav viTarebas, romlidanac mas sakuTari sulieri cxovrebisTvis stimulis mimcemi, xelSemwyobi `wvlilis aRmoxvna~ SeuZlia.

Tu eTnizms `sisxliT~ monaTesave `Cven-jgufSi~ yofniT kmayofileba sCvevia, Tavisi kulturuli vinaobis mcodne da msoflio kulturuli divergentobis damfasebeli `eriskaci~ kulturaTa Secnobis mosurne hermenevtikosia. is mzadaa ucxo kulturebis gagebisaTvis, radgan ainteresebs maTi gansxvaveba sulier-goniTobis im tipisagan, romelic misi eris kulturaSi amoikiTxeba. warmodgenili Sedareba gviCvenebs SesaZleblobaTa sxvadasxvaobas, rac eTno da ero kulturebs TviTcnobierebis maTTvis damaxasiaTebeli tipebiTurT gaaCnia kulturis krizisTan SewinaaRmdegebisaTvis.

eTnizms, imis gamo, rom sociumis erTobas, mis saxierebas `sisxlis duRabiT~ kravs, kultura da misi Znelbedoba saTanadod gauTvaliswinebeli rCeba.

amis sapirispirod, erovnuli TviTcnobierebis pirovneba, romelic Tavis vinaobasa da socialur mikuTvnebulobas kulturis saZirkvelze aagebs, xedavs Tavis da sxva kulturebsac iseve, rogorc maTs dRevandel saerTo gasaWirs, epoqalur kriziss kulturisa sazogadod. xsenebuli krizisis keTili dasasrulisken mimmarTavi fiqri da warmatebuli garja, amitom SeuZliaT mxolod erovnuli TviTSegnebis pirT. maTi iaraRi unda iyos istoriul-SedarebiTi kulturologia, romelic erovnuli kulturebis ganviTarebis gzebsa da Sinaarsebs urTierTSedarebis meTodiT daakvirdeba.

istoriul-SedarebiTi kulturologiis mizania konkretuli kulturis, rogorc yofnis unikaluri wesis gageba, amocnoba, misi Sina-arsis gaxsna. dasayrdeni am saqmeSi SeiZleba iyos kulturismimarTi `sinoptikuri intuicia~ (platoni); romelic konkretuli kulturis faqtebisa da detalebis didi simravlis miRma xedavs maTTvis saerTo tvifrs; kulturis Tavisebur matrix-s, romelsac `gamoivlis~ kulturis yoveli nimuSi, raTa qmnil iyos faqtad mocemuli kulturisa. ase mimarTuli kvleva yofnis Zireul intenciebsa da kulturaTa mixedviT gansxvavebul sacxovrebo paradigmebs gamoavlens, romelTa codniTac SesaZlebeli iqneba Tanamedrove CixSi moqceuli cxovrebis gezis cvla.

ramdenadac istoriul-SedarebiTi kulturologia yovel erovnul kulturaSi konkretuli koleqtiuri gonis Semoqmedebas xedavs misi SedegebiTurT, qveynebi misTvis gansxvavebuli kulturebiT qmnil-aTvisebuli sivrceebia. aseT xedvas SeuZlia Tanamedrove politikuri cxovrebis erTi didi simrudis gasworebas emsaxuros. vgulisxmob Semdegs: pozitivistur-naturalisturi filosofiis meTaurobiT mimdinare cxovreba adamianebsa da maTs sxvadasxvarig gaerTianebebSi yovlisSeuzRudavi marTvis, mTel samyaroze gabatonebis Zlier miswrafebas badebs. am winapirobiT politikuri cxovrebisTvis umZimesi Sedegebis momtania is garemoeba, rom samyaros wyobidan imTaviTve gamoricxulia yovelive gonisa da sulismieri. qveynebs kulturiT qmnil-aTvisebuli sivrceobisa `araferi etyoba~. isini mxolod ucxo saxelmwifoebia, romlebzedac sjobs, Seni xelmwifeba ganavrco. `ucxos dapyroba~ Tanamderove politikuri praqtikis Semtevi eTnizmis, misi metakulturuli agresiulobis devizad

gamodgeba. agresia ucxos mimarT xorcieldeba, rogorc ekonomikuri berketebis amoqmedebiT mis sazianod, ise pirdapiri samxedro CareviT, romelsac, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, saTanadod niRbaven dezinformaciiT.

Tu, magaliTad, romelime erma Tavisze Zlieri mezoblisagan ganTavisufleba scada, Zlieri susts mis miwa-wyalze e.w. eTnokonfliqts mouwyobs, aujanyebs mcire tomebs, mxars dauWers amboxebulebs (samxedro ZaliT, iaraRiT, msoflio sazogadoebrivi azris dezinformirebis saSualebebiT) da Tavisuflebamowyurebul (`urC~) ers misi samSoblos nawilebidan ayris. amiT `Zlieri~ batonobis survils ramdenadme daikmayofilebs, `urCi~ daisjeba da... movlenaTa filosofiuri aspeqti ki SeumCneveli rCeba. daunaxavi rCeba is, rom adamiani qmnis Tavis samyaros da cxovrobs masSi; rom eris mier qmnilia misi samSoblo; rom qveyana, uwinares yovlisa, kulturuli fenomenia da romeli eris mierac aris igi Se-qmnili, masve ekuTvnis saganmgeblod, misaxed-sazrunavad. Tanamedrove politikur urTierTobaSi ar aris miRebuli saubari eris uflebaze kulturiT misgan qmnil-aTvisebul sivrceze, anu samSobloze; eris gandevnas am sivrcis nawilebidan dRes ar uwodeben barbarosobas. Cveni teqnicisturi dro rom kulturisadmi beci ar iyos, aseTi ram dauSvebeli iqneboda. istoriul-SedarebiTi kulturologia adamianisa da misi samyaros iseTi xedvaa, romelsac amgvari sibecis kurneba SeuZlia.

Cveni drois eTno- ero- da zogad kulturologiuri sakiTxebi problemaTa erT mTlian kvanZs qmnian, romlis xlarTebis gaxsnis saqme saxvaliod gadasadebi ar aris. ...arc gadavdebT, Tu marTla vxedavT, rom absurdis droSi vcxovrobT da gadagviwyvetia _ advilad ar mivceT Tavi mis dinebas.

Tanamedroveobis didi filosofosni Cveni axlandeli uCveulesi yofnis Sesaxeb gveubnebian: teqnikurma civilizaciam Zirebs moswyvita, daakava da gaimsaxura Tanamedrove adamiani; miwispiris usamSoblo mcxovrebad aqcia is (iaspersi); dro axla esmiT, rogorc oden siswrafe, wamieroba da erTJamieroba, rogorc istoria igi (dro) gaqra yoveli xalxis yovelgvari yofnidan (haidegeri); yofnis warsamarTavad umniSvnelovanesi sityvebi Sinaarsisagan daclilan da imisTvisRa vargian, rom molaparakebis, urTierTgagebis surviliT TavSeyrili adamianebi magrad gadahkidon erTmaneTs, urTierTobisTvis aucilebeli ena moRrecila, gaugebarqmnila (gadameri); yovelive amas damagvirgvinebel akordad daerTvis is, rom adamiani fiqrs gadaeCvia (nicSe, haidegeri).

ras niSnavs amgvar viTarebaSi civilizebuli msoflios liberalur-demokratiuli simpTiebi, misi aseTi mowyoba? imisTvis mzaobas xom ara, rom vaTavisufloT yoveli eTnoerToba, Tuki is gamoxatavs politikur nebas sxvis samSobloSi savsebiT avtonomiuri saxelmwifoebrivi mowyobisa da xelsayrel pirobebSi arc sisxlis Rvras daerideba eris asayrelad kulturiT misgan qmnili sivrcidan?

ratom ar unda aRvadginoT aseT viTarebaSi dhmos-is upirvelesi berZnuli mniSvneloba, rac aris `adgili~ da ratom ar unda davubrunoT adgil-demoss imisi `kratia~, rom kulturiT qmnil radme aCvenebdes Tavs yvelas, visac kulturuli, anu adamianuri samyaros mxedveli Tvalni asxia? da vin aris igi, visac es TvalisCini warTmevia: eri, eTnosi, CrCili? dhmos-is cnebis dabruneba dRevandel cxovrebaSi ase aRdgenil-gafarToebuli mniSvnelobiT ioli ar iqneba, magram arc kulturis (igiv yofnis) Tanamedrove krizisia ufro

advilad dasaZlevi; es problemebi erTmaneTs ebmian da ezidebian. yofnis Tanamedrove kriziss rom movuaroT, Zvel berZenTa enobrivi cnobierebisTvis cxadi viTarebis xedva unda SeviZloT. eri Tavs iqmnis samSoblos qmniT. amitom hqvia alags da sacxovrisad Tvisad mis agre momwyob xalxsac berZnulad dhmos. samSoblos ganmgeblobis ufleba iseTive xelSeuxebeli uflebaa adamianisa da erisa, rogoric -sicocxlis ufleba da Cven, yofnis ZvelberZnul xedvas daSorebulma axlebma, unda vifiqroT amaze.