roca sakiTxis arsi
ar ician

guram yoranaSvili _ istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori

yofili sabWoTa kavSiris mosaxleobis erT nawilSi dRemde boginebs Sexeduleba, TiTqos, megrelebi da svanebi qarTvelobis organul nawilebs ar Seadgendnen da mxolod axla ganicdian asimilacias qarTvelTa mxriv. am Tvalsazriss xSirad gamoTqvamen xolme Cveni qveynis gareT mcxovrebni, romlebic ar icnoben saqarTvelos eTnikur sinamdviles, da ara Tu zepirad gamoTqvamen, zogjer, samwuxarod arc Tu iSviaTad, igi (es Tvalsazrisi) ruseTis presaSic aisaxeba. kidev meti, msgavsi Sexeduleba arsebobs TviT saqarTveloSi mcxovreb araqarTvelTa garkveul nawilSic.

aRniSnuli Sexeduleba axali rodi gaxlavT. igi warmoiSva mefis ruseTis oficialur wreebSi jer kidev gasul saukuneSi da miznad isaxavda qarTvelobis gaTiSvas, kerZod, misgan megrelebis da svanebis CamoSorebas. carizmis mcdelobis aseT Taobaze uzbeki avtori k.x. xanazarovi sworad SeniSnavs: `TviTmpyrobeloba ara Tu ar cdilobda gaeerTianebina mosaxleobis eniTa da kulturiT monaTesave teritoriuli da eTnikuri jgufebi da amiT daeCqarebina maTi erebad SekavSireba, aramed yovelnairad eswrafoda Caenerga gaTiSuloba, romelic xelsayreli gaxldaT egreTwodebuli carizmis `erovnuli politikis~ TvalsazrisiT~ (ix. avtoris `erovnul-enobrivi problemebis gadawyveta sabWoTa kavSirSi~ (rusul enaze), moskovi, 1982, gv. 38). 

mefis ruseTis biurokratia Tavdapirvelad, aTeuli wlebis ganmavlobaSi, qarTvelebad mxolod da mxolod qarTl-kaxelobas cnobda, ase rom, Cveni eTnosidan gamohyofda, agreTve, imerlebs, gurulebs, raWvelebs, fSavelebs, xevsurebs, TuSebs da a. S. TviT 1895 wels peterburgSi gamocemul `ruseTis imperiaSi mcxovrebi xalxebis anbanur nusxaSi~ gurulebi, imerlebi, ingiloebi, megrelebi, fSavelebi, svanebi da xevsurebi calke xalxebad, iseve rogorc qarTvelebi, figurirebdnen.

SevCerdebiT (CvenTan mimarTebiT) 1897 wlis mosaxleobis saerTo saimperio aRweris monacemebze. quTaisis guberniaSi aRweril iqna qarTul enaze molaparake 343.929 suli, imerul enaze (sic!) _ 270.513 suli, megrul enaze _ 238.655 suli, xolo svanur enaze _ 15.669 suli. (ix. Ia?aay anaiauay ia?aienu ianaeaiey ?inneeneie eiia?ee, 1897 aiaa, o. LXVI, Eooaeenneay aoaa?iey, Naieo-Iaoa?ao?a, 1905 a.) Tu mefis ruseTis moxeleebis aRniSnul statistikur `Sedevrs~ davujerebT, qarTvelebs ucxovriaT Sorapnis, ozurgeTisa da quTaisis mazrebSi, baTumis okrugSi, xolo imerlebs imave Sorapnisa da quTaisis mazrebSi da raWa-leCxumSi (ix. iqve). rasakvirvelia, aseTi arsebuli mtkicebulobis gabaTilebis cda uazroba gaxlavT da masze ar SevCerdebiT. Tbilisis guberniis mcxovrebTa Soris, saerTod, aRwerilia 0,15% megreli, xolo mazrebis mixedviT es monacemebi utoldeba 0,42%-sa da 0,18%-s. Sesabamisad saqarTvelo warmodgenili iyo calke qveynebad: `imeretia~, `mingrelia~, `svanetia~, `xevsuretia~, `fSavia~ da sxv. faqtia, rom mefis ruseTis imperia ise gadaego, rom imerlebi, megrelebi, svanebi, ingiloebi, xevsurebi, fSavelebi, TuSebi da a. S. qarTvelebad ar uRiarebiaT. Tu megrelebi da svanebi qarTulTan erTad megrul da svanur enebze metyveleben, qarTvelobis CamoTvlili danarCeni eTnografiuli jgufebi xom qarTul enaze metyveleben. amdenad, maTi vinaobis garkveva araviTar siZneles ar warmoagenda,

magram mefis ruseTis biurokratiam es elementaruli ambavi ver gaarkvia. mizezi, ra Tqma unda, imdenad uvicobaSi, gaunaTleblobaSi ki araa saZebni, ramdenadac Segnebul survilSi _ daenawevrebinaT, daesustebinaT qarTveli eri.

carizmis mier XIX saukuneSi warmoqmnili tradicia erTxanobas sabWour epoqaSic grZeldeboda da sabWoTa kavSiris mosaxleobis 1926 wlis aRweraSi megrelebi da svanebi calke xalxebad iqnen warmodgenilni (kerZod, aRricxul iqna 242 aTasamde megreli da 13158 svani. amJamad es raodenoba Sesabamisad gasammagda da gaxuTmagda). Tumca Semdgom aRwerebSi (1939 w., 1959 w., 1979 w.) amgvar mcdelobebs ukve aRar hqonia adgili, magram sabWoTa kavSiris mosaxleobis erT nawilSi, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, kvlav boginebs megrelebisa da svanebis (agreTve aWarlebis) araqarTvelebad gamocxadebis Tvalsazrisi. unda vigulisxmoT, rom amgvari Sexeduleba emyareba agreTve i. b. stalinisa da s. k. orjonikiZis mcdar gamonaTqvamebs megrelebis, svanebis, aWarlebis Taobaze. am SemTxvevaSi oficialuri Sexeduleba arafer SuaSia. mizezi unda veZeboT am saqmis viTarebis zereled codnaSi, anda ganzrax gayalbebaSi.

sakiTxis zerele codna Semdeg arguments efuZneba: svanuri da megruli enebi Tumca qarTvelur enebs warmoadgenen, magram qarTulisagan ufro daSorebuli arian, vidre ukrainuli da belorusuli rusuli enisagan. maSasadame, ramdenadac sakuTari, damoukidebeli enebis matarebeli ukrainelebi da belorusebi calke erebs da ara rusi eris Semadgenel nawilebs Seadgenen, TiTqos, aseTive daskvna unda gakeTdes svanebisa da megrelebis mimarTac. erTi nawili, rogorc ukve mogaxsenebdiT, aseTi silogizmiT cdilobs megrelTa da svanTa qarTuli eTnosisagan gamocalkavebas. es Secdoma, vimeorebT, SesaZloa, uneburad, gulubryvilobis gamo emarTebaT. meore SemTxvevaSi ki ganzrax gayalbebasTan gvaqvs saqme da amis umTavresi motivi

qarTvelobisadmi, rbilad rom vTqvaT, araloialuri damokidebuleba gaxlavT.

ukanasknelad sakavSiro presis furclebze msgavs gamoxdomas, rogorc cnobilia, adgili hqonda `sovetskaia kulturas~ furclebze istorikos e. zeimalis mxriv, razedac amave gazeTSi qarTvel avtorTa mier iqna gacemuli pasuxi. Cven ar davjerdebiT am ukanasknelTa argumentacias da SevecdebiT sxva, damatebiT argumentebsac mivmarToT.

rodesac dRevandel qarTvelTa erTiani winare ena daiSala da svanuri, megrul-Wanuri da sakuTriv qarTuli enebi erTmaneTs gamoeyvnen, am xalxebis gansaxleba SedarebiT mcire teritoriaze moxda da amdenad, Tu imdroindeli komunikaciis saSualebebi ganuviTarebeli iyo, maT Soris kontaqtebs, garkveulwilad, mainc hqonda adgili. aRniSnuli ufro naklebad iTqmis rusebis, ukrainelebisa da belorusebis mimarT, romlebmac uzarmazari sivrceebi, evropis umetesi nawili daasaxles.

SedarebiT izolirebulobis pirobebSi dasavleT saqarTveloSi mcxovrebTa kultura mniSvnelovnad ver ganviTarda. amis mizezebs Cven or garemoebaSi vxedavT: bunebrivi pirobebis araxelsayrelobasa da berZnuli kulturis moZalebaSi. kulturis ganviTarebis azriT ukeTesi pirobebi iyo aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi, romelmac gansakuTrebiT iCina Tavi qristianobis gavrcelebis Semdgom. amieridan (Tu aqamde ara) ganviTarda originaluri damwerloba, iTargmna qristianuli literaturis Zeglebi, Seiqmna originaluri literatura, ganviTarda arqiteqtura.

kulturis miRweuli progresi aisaxa qarTuli enis ganviTarebaSic, ris Sedegadac man metoqeoba dauwyo berZnul enas dasavleT saqarTveloSi. aRniSnul regionSi konkurencia am enebs Soris, rogorc cnobilia, qarTuli enis gamarjvebiT damTavrda, ris Sedegadac dasavleT saqarTvelos mosaxleobis erTi nawilis (megrelebisa da svanebis) kulturis enad

es ukanaskneli iqca. qarTul enasTan erTad saqarTvelos dasavleT nawilSi aTvisebul iqna kulturis sxva elementebic (damwerloba, literatura, xuroTmoZRvreba).

saqarTvelos mosaxleobis politikuri gaerTianeba, erTiani saxelmwifos Seqmna didxans ver moxerxda. Tu ara mtruli sagareo faqtori (pontos, romis da bizantiis mier dasavleT saqarTvelos damorCileba) saqarTvelos SeeZlo sakuTari ZalebiT gaerTianeba. miuxedavad amisa, qarTlis samefos suvereniteti erTxans samegrelos dasavleT nawilsa da SesaZloa svaneTzec vrceldeboda. XI-XII saukuneebSi aRniSnuli xarvezic Seivso _ saqarTvelo gaerTianda erT saxelmwifod. aqamde iyo tendencia, Cveni qveyana qarTlad wodebuliyo, magram gaimarjva meore tendenciam da qarTveluri xalxebiT dasaxlebul teritorias saqarTvelo ewoda (pirvelad aman Tavi iCina X saukunis ZeglebSi).

iseve, rogorc amieridan termini `saqarTvelo~ moicavda mTel Cvens qveyanas, `qarTvelma~ moicva mTeli saqarTvelos mosaxleoba - sakuTriv qarTvelebic (qarTlelebi, kaxelebi (kaxni), megrelebi, svanebi da misTanani). qarTuli saliteraturo ena da kultura, pirvel rigSi, mosaxleobis zeda fenebSi (didebulebi da samRvdeloeba) gavrcelda. amdenad, qarTveli eri, Tavdapirvelad, upiratesad, am socialur fenaSi gansaxierda, `qarTvelSi~, pirvel rigSi, igulisxmeboda qarTveli (qarTleli), megreli da a. S. didebulebi da samRvdeloeba, Sesabamisad, qarTveli pirovneba, pirvelad am fenebSi gaCnda. Tavis droze oto baueris Sesabamisi Tvalsazrisi enis warmoSobis Taobaze qarTveli eris istoriis mimarT gamoyenebul iqna niko berZeniSvilis mier. magram ver gaviziarebT o. baueris Sexedulebas imis Taobaze, rom eri klasikuri feodalizmis xanaSi oden sazogadoebis zedafenebs moicavda. Cveni azriT, eris SemadgenlobaSi glexkacobac Sedioda, Tumca kulturas igi iseTi intensiobiT ver iTvisebda, rogorc socialuri zedafenebi.

ukve aRniSnul periodSi gaCnda erTiani qarTuli TviTSegneba, ris wyalobiTac qarTvelobam gaacnobiera Tavisi erTianoba da dapirispirebuloba sxva eTnosebisadmi. Camoyalibda erTiani xasiaTi, gaCnda saerTo tradiciebi.

umTavresad araxelsayreli istoriuli garemocvis zemoqmedebis mizeziT saqarTvelo XV saukunis bolos daiSala calke samefoebad da samTavroebad. Tumca XVI-XVIII saukuneebis manZilze saqarTvelos araerTgzis SeeZlo gaerTianebuliyo, magram amas xels uSlida kvlav sagareo faqtori _ irani da TurqeTi. am Zlier agresorTa daZleva ki, rac ase saWiro iyo qarTvelobis gasaerTianeblad, Cvens ers sakuTari ZalebiT, cxadia, ar SeeZlo. miuxedavad aseTi daqucmacebuloba-daSlilobisa qarTvelTa erTianoba, romelic emyareboda enis (saliteraturosi), kulturis, xasiaTis erTobas da bolos, erTian erovnul TviTSegnebas, sruliadac ar gamqrala.

am erTianobam Tavi iCina XIX saukuneSi, rodesac mefis ruseTis biurokratia yovelanairad cdilobda qarTveli eris gaTiSva-danawilebas. kerZod, igi Seecada damoukidebeli anbanisa da literaturis Seqmnas megrelTaTvis da svanTaTvis. aseTi mcdelobidan, savsebiT kanonzomierad, araferi ar gamovida, pirvel rigSi mis winaaRmdeg dairazma saqarTvelos Sesabamisi kuTxeebis mosaxleoba. amaSi gamovlinda qarTveli eris Camoyalibebis Seuqcevadoba.

aseTia, Zalzed mokled, qarTvelTa erTianobis istoriis mTavari momentebi. isini, vinc megruli da svanuri enebis hipostazirebas axdenen, ver (an ar!) iTvaliswineben rig sxva garemoebebs: erTian saliteraturo enas, kulturas, eTnikur TviTSegnebas, istorias, xasiaTs, tradiciebs da sxv. msgavsi magaliTebis motana sxva xalxTa istoriidan da dRevandelobidanac bevri SeiZleboda, magram amjerad mxolod safrangeTisas davjerdebiT.

provanselebi, Tavdapirvelad, sxva enaze laparakobdnen, vidre frangulze (ukanaskneli, Tavdapirvelad, CrdiloeT safrangeTSi warmoiSva da gavrcelda), magram safrangeTis gaerTianebis Semdgom maTs frangobaSi aravis ar Seutania eWvi. aseve dResac, elzaselebsa da bretonelebs TavianTi salaparako ena gaaCniaT, magram isini erovnulad ar gamohyofen Tavs danarCeni frangebisagan. sxvaTa Soris, arc sxva erebs uCndebaT cTuneba, isini frangi erisagan gamosTiSon da mas daupirispiron. amaSi ki Tavs iCens safrangeTis eTnikuri da istoriuli sinamdvilis kargi codna da pativiscema frangi erisadmi. droa, bolos da bolos, es qarTvelobis mimarTac Seignon da gamoiCinon.