CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi radikalur islamur moZraobaTa sakiTxisaTvis

ala bibilaSvili _ filologiur mecnierebaTa kandidati, saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis politologiis institutis wamyvani mecnier-TanamSromeli

sabWoTa imperiis daSlasa da axali suverenuli saxelmwifoebis warmoqnas Tan mohyva `suverenitetTa paradi~, romelmac CrdiloeT kavkasiis respublikaTa winaSe erovnuli TviTmyofobis gacnobierebisa da sakuTari msoflSegrZnebis konstantaTa gamovlinebis iluzoruli SesaZlebloba dasaxa; miiRes erovnuli mentalitetis Taviseburebebisa da saukuneebis manZilze daculi tradiciebis amsaxveli kanonebi. ganviTarebis alternatiuli gzebis Ziebisas mosaxleobis nawilma mimarTa radikalur islamur religiur mimdinareobebs, romelTa Soris yvelaze metad vahabizmi gavrcelda.

muhamed ibn-al vahabis moZRvreba Caisaxa, rogorc protesti islamSi mahmadianobamdeli elementebisa da warmarTobis SeWris winaaRmdeg, rogorc `wminda islamis oqros saukunis~ dacva. igi gulisxmobda yvela islamuri mcnebisa Tu moTxovnis umkacres dacvas, misTvis miuRebeli iyo eqstremizmi da Zaladoba. magram droTa ganmavlobaSi vahabizmis arsi garkveulwilad Seicvala, misi gamoyeneba daiwyes radikaluri islamuri fundamentalizmis mimdinareobaTa aRsaniSnavad.

XIX saukunis damlevs Seiqmna egreT wodebuli `vahabisturi internacionali~, romlis meTauradac amJamad saerTaSoriso teroristi usama ben ladeni iTvleba. man 1998 wels gamoacxada, rom Seiqmna urjuloTa winaaRmdeg brZolis msoflio islamuri fronti.

wminda islamis~ momxreTa radikaluri frontis warmomadgenelTa moRvaweobis asparezi moicavs afrikis qveynebs, indoeTis Statebs jamasa da qaSmirs, avRaneTs, kosovos, indonezias, pakistans, filipinebs, CineTis uiguris provincias, centraluri aziis saxelmwifoebsa da CrdiloeT kavkasiis respublikebs; aSkaraa `wminda islamis~ gavrceleba intensiurad ganviTarebadi Tu farulad mimdinare eTnokonfliqtebis raionebSi. maT ainteresebT Tavisi gavlenis sferos kidev ufro gafarToeba.

radikaluri islamis Taviseburad interpretirebuli idealebis saxelmwifo doneze ganxorcielebas cdiloben Talibebi avRaneTSi, romelic eqstremistuli islamuri mimdinareobebis misabaZ nimuSad da saswavlo centrad iqca. Talibebis mier kontrolirebul teritoriaze moqmedebs mravali dajgufeba da radikaluri organizacia, maT Soris `al-kaide~ (`safuZveli~), romelsac saTaveSi ben ladeni udgas. savarjiSo banakebSi msoflios sxvadasxva qveynidan Camosuli `boevikebi~ gadian swavlebas.

CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi oTxmocdaaTiani wlebis damdegidan gamoCndnen avRanelebi da avRaneTis omis veterani arabebi. CeCneTis pirvel omSi damoukideblobisaTvis mebrZoli iCqeriis mxares ibrZodnen moxaliseebi, romelTac erTmorwmuneTa daxmareba TavianT wmidaTawmida movaleobad miaCndaT. magram CeCneTis omi ar gadaiqca religiur omad, Tumca, iyo mcdeloba amgvari statusi mieniWebinaT misTvis. yvelaze metad `wminda islami~ gavrcelda daRestanSi, sadac soflebi Cabanmaxi da yaramaxi `damoukidebel islamur teritoriad~ iqna gamocxadebuli. iq ar funqcionirebdnen respublikuri da federaluri xelisuflebis organoebi, moqmedebda muslimanuri kanonebi da SariaTis normebi, amave dros ar momxdara araviTari kanonsawinaaRmdego aqti _ arc Zarcva, arc Tavdasxma, arc adamianTa gataceba, rasac SeiZleboda mohyoloda sisxlis samarTlis pasuxisgeba.

radikalur religiur mimdinareobaTa gavrcelebaSi mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs socialuri mouwesrigebloba, krizisuli movlenebi, korufcia, mosaxleobis gaRatakeba; sazogadoebis garkveuli nawili ideologiur sazrdos tradiciebisken mibrunebaSi an religiur, maT Soris radikalur, mimdinareobebSi
eZiebs.

CeCneTis meore omis dros, 1999 wlis damlevs, ben ladenma ahmad Sah masuds SesTavaza zavi TalibebTan, raTa maT SesZlebodaT, CeCnebs adamianebiTa da iaraRiT daxmarebodnen. yandagarSi analogiuri winadadebiT gamovida Talibebis sulieri lideri mohamad omaric, romelmac xazgasmiT aRniSna, rom erTmaneTis daxmareba TiToeuli muslimanis wmida valia, amitomac Talibebi da ahmad Sahi unda gaerTiandnen `genocidisagan gatanjuli muslimani CeCeni xalxis~ mxardasaWerad. miuxedavad amisa, ahmad Sahma avRaneTis Sinauri problemebi moimizeza da es winadadeba uaryo.

2000 wlis ianvris damlevs qabulSi Sedga `islamur emirat avRaneTSi CeCneTis islamuri respublikis iCqeriis saelCos~ gaxsnis ceremonia, romelsac eqsprezidenti zelimxan iandarbievi eswreboda. cota xniT adre orive mxarem cno erTmaneTi, amasTan CeCneTis damoukidebloba aravis ucnia, msoflios Tanamegobrobis mier aseve auRiarebeli Talibebis garda.

daRestansa da CeCneTSi moqmedeba daiwyo sarTaSoriso islamurma gaerTianebam `Zmebi-muslimanebi~, romelic msoflios ormocdaaTze met qveyanaSi moRvaweobs. am organizaciis emisrebis mier Seqmnili struqturebi gamovlenilia ruseTisa da dsT-is qveynebis 49 regionSi, ZiriTadad centraluri aziis postsabWoTa qveynebSi, CrdiloeT kavkasiis respublikebsa da ruseTis federaciis volgispireTis regionebSi. ruseTis specsamsaxurebis analitikosTa azriT, eqstremistebis xelmZRvanelebi TavianT saqmianobas ukavSireben teroristul dajgufebebs _ `al-hamaa al-islamia~ da `al-jihad al-islamia~.

islamisti radikalebis mizania farTomasStabiani gegmis ganxorcieleba, rac gulisxmobs separatistuli ganwyobilebis gaRvivebas muslimanur regionebSi da am sivrceze egreT wodebuli didi islamuri xalifatis SemadgenlobaSi islamuri tipis saxelmwifo warmonaqmnebis Camoyalibebas.

yvelaze mwvaved islamuri radikalizmis problemebi CrdiloeT kavkasiis respublikebis winaSe dgas, rac imasTan aris dakavSirebuli, rom obieqturad arsebobs regionisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli istoriuli, socialuri, religiuri, erovnuli, eTnikuri da konfesiaTaSorisi realiebi.

viTareba CrdiloeT kavkasiis respublikebSi cxadyofs, rom socialur-ekonomikuri da politikuri ganviTareba eTnikuri procesebis dinamikazea damokidebuli. CrdiloeT kavkasiis istoriulad Camoyalibebuli polieTnikuroba qmnis situacias, romelSic TiToeul xalxs specifikuri interesebis kompleqsi aqvs; istoriul procesTa dinamikaze sagrZnob zegavlenas axdens tradiciuli socialuri Semadgenlebi, romlebsac SeunarCundaT Tavisi funqcionaluri mniSvneloba. potenciuri daZabulobis faqtoria regionis saxelmwifo struqtura _ igi gulisxmobs iq mcxovreb xalxTa sxvadasxvagvari statusis arsebobas, rac TavisTavad eTnosTaSoris winaaRmdegobaTa wyaroa. regionis gazrdil konfliqturobas ganapirobebs, agreTve, sxvadasxva xalxis interesebis SeuTavsebloba, istoriuli ganawyeneba, SidaeTnikuri klanTaSorisi winaaRmdegobebi da teritoriuli dava; mniSvnelovani adgili uWiravs eTnosTa erovnuli TviTSegnebis SenarCunebisa da kulturuli TviTmyofobis problemebs.

radikaluri islamis konstantebi garkveul rols asrulebs politikuri da eTnosTaSorisi urTierTobebis gamwvavebaSi; muslimanur sazogadoebebSi Sidakonfesiuri winaaRmdegobebi situaciis destabilirebas iwvevs. gansxvavebul muslimanur mimdinareobaTa Soris brZola politikur da eTnopolitikur dapiri

spirebaSia CarTuli, igi Sinagani motivaciiTa da logikiT gamoirCeva. radikalur mimarTulebaTa, maT Soris vahabizmis, momxreebi srulebiTac ar Seadgenen erTianobas politikuri, socialuri Tu zneobrivi aspeqtiT. isini warmoadgenen naTeli warsulis rwmeniT, pativmoyvare ambiciebiTa da ekonomikuri interesebiT gaerTianebul konglomerats; Sidakonfesiur konfliqtSi mmarTveli elitebi da maTi oponentebi arian CarTuli.

daRestnis teritoriidan `boevikebis~ razmebis gamodevnam da CeCneTis meore omis dawyebam saTave daudo religiuri separatizmis winaaRmdeg farTomasStabian brZolas. soflebis _ Cabanmaxisa da yaramaxis sastiki ganadgurebis Semdeg daRestnis oficialuri xelisuflebisaTvis sityva `vahabiti~ yvelaze saSineli mwvaleblobisa da kriminalis sinonimad iqca. mTel respublikaSi gaiSala kompleqsuri `wmenda~, miiRes kanoni vahabizmis akrZalvis Sesaxeb, SeizRuda da TiTqmis aRikveTa islamuri saqvelmoqmedo fondebis saqmianoba, ramdenime saerTaSoriso religiuri organizacia gaZevebuli iqna respublikis sazRvrebs gareT, daRestnis Sinagan saqmeTa saministrosTan muSaobs religiuri eqstremizmis winaaRmdeg brZolis specialuri ganyofileba, adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis organoebSi funqcionirebs miznobrivi komisiebi.

radikalizmis sawinaaRmdego RonisZiebaTa amgvar `intensifikacias~ Tavisi uaryofiTi mxareebi aqvs: sisxlis samarTlis saqmis aRZvrisa da sasamarTlos wesiT devnis dasawyebad sakmarisia mxolod eWvi `vahabizmisadmi~ kuTvnilebaSi, misadmi simpaTiaSic ki; xSirad iyeneben Segdebul kompromats, romelic braldebis safuZveli xdeba. saerTo undoblobis, mtrobis, Seuwynareblobis viTareba gardauvalad uwyobs xels yoveld

Riuri cxovrebis mZime pirobebis Semqmneli `mtris~ kargad cnobili kompleqsis ganviTarebas.

ukve aT weliwadze metia, rac daRestani ruseTis erT-erTi yvelaze depresiuli regionia: mas boloswina adgili uWiravs cxovrebis doniT, arsebobis ZiriTadi wyaroa moskovis subsidiebi da transferebi, saSualo xelfasi TiTqmis samjer CamorCeba ruseTis saerTo maCvenebels, umuSevrobas masobrivi xasiaTi mieca. respublikaSi ar arsebobs ekonomikis kompleqsuri ganviTarebis seriozuli programa, ar xdeba gaWianurebuli krizisis mizezebis gaanalizeba; warmoebis dargebi, ZiriTadi bunebrivi resursebi, maRallikviduri produqciis sawarmoebi eTnofinansur dajgufebebs aqvT monopolizebuli. yvela am faqtorma daRestanSi SeiZleba moaxdinos situaciis destabilizeba, daarRvios didi ZalisxmeviT mopovebuli SefardebiTi simSvide da warmoqmnil socialur qaosSi religiuri faqtori kvlav saimedo zneobriv orientirad iqceva.

eqspertebisa da analitikosebis prognozis mixedviT, `cxeli wertilis~ mosalodneli kandidatia yaraCai-CerqezeTi, romelic kulisebsiqiTa politteqnologiebis poligonad iqca. respublikaSi aSkarad Cans arastabiluroba, danergili Sida daZabuloba, feTqebadsaSiSi situacia. mravalerovnul, eTnikur, politikur da socialur problemasTan erTad, da maTTan uSualo kavSirSi, yaraCai-CerqezeTSi religiuri eqstremizmis problemac dadga. respublikis rig raionebSi vahabizmis momxreebi tradiciul sasuliero wodebas aviwroeben da TavianTi gavlenis sferos afarToeben. obieqturad arsebul sazogadoebriv-politikur da eTnikur-socialur situaciasTan dakavSirebiT religiur opozicias realuri SesaZlebloba aqvs Tavis mxardasaWerad darazmos muslimanebi.

radikalur islamSi `yaraCais faqtors~ garkveuli wanamZRvrebi aqvs, maT Sorisaa stalinuri represiebi, centridan arasakmarisi dotaciebi, CeCneTis sakiTxis uxeSi Zaladobrivi gadawyveta, awewil-dawewili adgilobrivi problemebi, erTgvari eTnosocialuri dapirispireba... yaraCai-CerqezeTSi rTuli situaciis gamo iZulebuli gaxdnen daerRviaT adgilobrivi kanonebis federaluri kanonebisadmi daqvemdebarebis principi da mieRoT `politikuri da religiuri eqstremizmis sawinaaRmdego qmedebaTa Sesaxeb~ respublikuri kanoni, romelsac moskovuri analogi ar moepoveba.

adgilobrivi xelisuflebis mier ganxorcielebul RonisZiebaTa miuxedavad, CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi moqmedebs kargad organizebuli islamuri opozicia da mas mxars uWers sazogadoebis nawili. ragind mkacri dadgenilebebi ar unda miiRon mis winaaRmdeg saero xelisuflebam, masTan dakavSirebulma instituciurma samRvdeloebam Tu tradiciuli islamis avtoritetebma _ Seixebma da ustizebma, mas jer ar uTqvams Tavisi saboloo sityva. cxadi xdeba, rom CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi xelisuflebac da opoziciac islams politikuri mobilizaciis instrumentad iyeneben; religiisa da politikis SeerTeba xels uwyobs konfesiaTa Soris da eTnosebs Soris urTierTobebSi konfliqturi viTarebis SenarCunebas.

mkvlevari aziz niazi miiCnevs, rom CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi regionuli konfliqtebis gansxvavebuli yalibis mizezTa Seswavlisas, geopolitikuri, eTnoregionuli da socialur-ekonomikuri faqtorebis analizis garda, yuradReba unda mieqces `axali Taobis~ sistemur krizisTa gamovlinebas, romlebic moicaven sociumis, ekologiis, kulturis, ekonomikis, demografiis sferoebs, e.i. adamianis yofierebis mTel sistemas.

islamuri saprotesto moZraobebi imis Sedegad Cndeba, rom erTmaneTs emateba umwvavesi krizisuli situaciebi ekonomikaSi, ekologiaSi, politikaSi, sazogadoebriv urTierTobebSi; asafeTqebeli masala sakmao raodenobiT grovdeba.

islamuri moZraobebi ukve warmoadgens seriozul nonkonformistul, socialurad orientirebul Zalas, romelic Teoriul bazas emyareba da aRiqmeba rogorc arsebuli wesrigis alternativa, rogorc ganviTarebis axali gzis safuZvelmdebeli dasawyisi. oden Zalismieri meTodebiT mwvave winaaRmdegobaTa gadawyvetis mcdeloba marcxisaTvisaa ganwiruli, Zaladobasa da samxedro intervencias ar ZaluZs aRmofxvras dagrovili urTierTdakavSirebuli problemebi, isini mxolod iCqmalebian, Rrmavdebian, inarCuneben saSiS xasiaTs da kidev ufro vrceli da arakontrolirebadi procesebis intensifikaciis muqarad gvevlinebian.