arCevnebi me-19 saukunis
meore naxevris afxazeTSi
nunu gulua,
istoriis mecnierebaTa kandidati.
1864 wels afxazeTis samTavros `avtonomias~ yavli gauvida da misi gauqmebis droc dadga. es ganzraxva carizmma warmatebiT ganaxorciela. samTavros marTva-gamgeobas, ise rogorc saqarTvelos sxva regionebSi, aqac mTlianad CamoaSora adgilobrivi Tavadaznauroba. afxazeTis ukanaskneli mTavari, mixeil ServaSiZe, voroneJSi gadaasaxla. `uzenaesad~ e.i. imperatoris mier iqna damtkicebuli samTavros gauqmebis saTanado gegma, romlis dakonkreteba daevala kavkasiis mefisnacvals, imperatoris RviZl biZas, mixeil romanovs, romelic ZmiSvils moaxsenebda: `imis gamo, rom moaxlovda ganxorcieleba uzenaesad damtkicebuli gegemisa, _ kazakTa stanicebiT dasaxldes Savi zRvis aRmosavleTi napiri, yubanis SesarTavidan mdinare bzifamde, gaCnda aucilebloba afxazeTis mTavris momavali mdgomareobis sakiTxis gadawyvetisa: unda darCes Tu ara afxazeTi amJamindel mdgomareobaSi, Tu iq SemoRebul iqnes rusul safuZvelze damyarebuli mmarTveloba. amJamindel mdgomareobaSi darCenis SemTxvevaSi afxazeTi mudmivad iqneba amierkavkasiis winaaRmdeg zRvidan samoqmedod mtrisaTvis gamzadebuli placdarmi. es sakiTxi umjobesia, gadawydes mTielTa saboloo damorCilebisa da Savi zRvis aRmosavleT sanapiros maTgan gawmendis damTavrebisTanave. am sakiTxis gadawyvetisas aucilebelia: 1. vaiZuloT mTavari da misi memkvidre uari Tqvan
mmarvelobaze; 2. afxazeTi gadakeTdes samxedro olqad, romelic daemorCileba quTaisis general-gubernatoris daqvemdebarebaSi myof gansakuTrebul samxedro xelmZRvanels. mTielTa gansaxlebis Semdeg darCenili Tavisufali miwebi mogvcems saSualebas, zRvis napiris gaswvriv, mdinare enguris SesarTavamde, Seiqmnas kazakTa dasaxlebebi, romlebic mdinare bzifis xeobaSi Seqmnil dasaxlebebTan erTad Seqmnidnen afxazeTis kazakTa jars afxazeTis samxedro ganyofilebis ufrosis sardlobiT~ (���� ��������� ���������� ���������������� ��������� ������ 1870 ��\450).
rodesac 1864 wlis 21 maiss sabolood dasrulda ruseTis mier Crdilo-dasavleT kavkasiis (amJamindeli yaraCaT-CerqezeTis, adiRes, stavropolisa da krasnodaris mxareebis) dapyroba, ruseTis xelisuflebam ukve masobrivi xasiaTi misca adgilobrivi mosaxleobis ayra-gasaxlebas. amas ki Sedegad moyva dasaxlebuli teritoriis kavkasielTagan TiTqmis sruli dacla, riTac ruseTma Seiqmna pirobebi kazakTa samxedro dasaxlebis jaWvis warmoqmnisa anapidan mdinare enguramde. amjerad saWirod cnes zRvis sanapirodan afxazTa da samurzayanoel qarTvelTa deportaciac. mniSvnelovania is faqti, rom afxazeTSi carizmi apirebda samxedro da ara samoqalaqo xelisuflebis damyarebas regionis strategiuli mniSvnelobis gamo, amitomac arc aris gasakviri, rom dasaxelebuli gegmis ganxorcielebaSi yvelaze aqtiurni swored samxedroebi iyvnen.
1864 wlis maisSi imperiis samxedro ministri g. miliutini atyobinebda kavkasiis mefisnacvals mixeil romanovs, rom imperatorma ineba mixeil ServaSiZis gadayeneba im mizniT, rom afxazeTi samudamod Sesuliyo mTavrobisagan daniSnuli xelisuflebis morCilebaSi. marTlac, Zalian male gauqmda afxazeTis samTavro, SemoRebul iqna rusuli samxedro mmarTveloba, rasac maSinve, 1866 wels, daerTo agraruli reformis gatarebis RonisZieba, romelic umZimes pirobebs uqmnida ara marto glexobas, aramed azaralebda Tavadaznaurobasac. qarTul da afxazur istoriografiaSi 1866 wlis afxazeTis (lixnis) glexTa ajanyebis mizezad miCneulia samTavros gauqmeba da iq rusuli mmarTvelobis SemoReba, rac afxaz TavadaznaurTa privilegiebis dakargvas gamoiwvevda, ris gamoc isini, faqtiurad, mefis mTavrobis opoziciaSi aRmoCndnen.
saqarTveloSi saglexo reformis gatarebisgan carizmi pirvel xanebSi Tavs ikavebda, magram socialuri konfliqtebis gamwvavebam igi aiZula aqac Sedgomoda samzadiss. dadebiTi ki am RonisZiebaSi is iyo, rom igi gatarda regionaluri Taviseburebebis gaTvaliswinebiT. afxazeTSi, miuxedavad imisa, rom mosaxleoba kategoriuli winaaRmdegi iyo, saglexo reforma Catarda 1870 wels.
batonymobis gauqmebis Semdeg mefis mTavroba Seudga mTel imperiaSi saqalaqo, sasoflo, samxedro da sasamarTlo reformebis gatarebas.
qalaqisa da soflis TviTmmarTvelobis SemoRebas aucileblad sWirdeboda demokratiuli arCevnebis Catareba, magram mosaxleobis mxardaWeris imedis arqonis gamo es procesi Segnebulad gviandeboda.
me-19 saukunis meore naxevris saqarTveloSi gamomavali perioduli gamocemebi, rogorc qarTuli, ise rusuli, Tvalyurs adevnebdnen afxazeTis mmarTvelobiTi organoebis arCevnebs.
swored amis Taobaze werda gazeTi `iveria` 1890 wels: `soxumSi qalaqis TviTmmarTveloba jer ar aris SemoRebuli da yovelive saqalaqo saqmes policia ganagebs~ (g. `iveria~, 1890, #102).
1892 wels gaz. `iveria` isev aqveynebs statias TviTmmarTvelobis arCevis aucileblobis Sesaxeb. `qalaqSi saWiroa TviTmmarTvelobis SemoReba, romelic qalaqis Semosaval-gasavals aRricxavs da gamoiyenebs saWiroebisamebr~ (g. `iveria~, 1892 w. #120).
1892 wels daba oqumSi Catarda samurzayanos mkvidrTa mier amorCeul deputatTa kreba, romelmac Seadgina Txovna Semdegi sakiTxebis gansaxilvelad: 1. samurzayanoSi oTxklasiani sasoflo-sameurneo saswavleblis gaxsna; 2. bagrat mesamis aSenebuli bediis taZris ganaxleba; 3. samurzayanos saxelmwifo saavadmyofos dabruneba (romelic gadaitanes zugdidSi); 4. oqumSi daarsdes momrigebeli sasamarTlo.
o-lo vano (ivane gegia).
1893 wlis 17 dekembers soxumSi, rogorc iqna, Catarda qalaqis TviTmmarTvelobis arCevnebi, romlis Semadgenlobis Sesaxeb gazeTi `iveria~ aqveynebs Semdeg cnobas: `17 dekembers aq Catarda qalaqis deputatebis arCevnebi. airCies spanski, TeqmaCovi, azvestipulo, vafiadi (berZnebi), malania (afxazi), keTilaZe, jiqia, kirTaZe, gabunia. mosaxleoba ar endoba deputatebs, radgan maTi arCeva myari ar aris` (gaz. `iveria~, 1893, #279).
soxumSi qalaqis TviTmmarTvelobis arCevnebi TiTqmis yovelwliurad tardeboda, magram uSedegod. 1896 wels gazeTi `cnobis furceli~, romelsac msaxiobi da dramaturgi valerian gunia redaqtorobda, aqveynebs statias `soxumis qalaqis arCevnebis Sesaxeb~, sadac aRniSnuli iyo, rom `rusul gazeT "Yjdjt j,jphtybt"-Si dabeWdilia publicistisa da sazogado moRvawis Tedo saxokias werili _ `soxumis moqalaqeebma olqis ufrosis saSualebiT Txoves quTaisis samxedro gubernators arCevnebi dagviniSneT, qalaqs patroni ara hyavs, TviTmmarTvelobis SemoRebam Zlier daigvianao�~
soxumis moqalaqeTa Txovnis safuZvelze, marTlac, Catarebula arCevnebi, magram, radganac arCeul xmosanTa umravlesobas qarTvelebi Seadgendnen, carizmis moxeleebma ar daamtkices warmodgenili Semadgenloba. 26 xmosan amorCeuls Soris 19 qarTveli, 4 berZeni da 3 rusi iyo. amis Taobaze Tedo saxokia Jurnal `moambeSi~ werda: `19 qarTvelis arCevam aria qveyana. Zils ufrTxobs gadamTielebs is faqti, rom afxazeTSi megreloba siZlieriT ikidebs fexs. pirdapir cofs yrian, roca xedaven, rom megreloba am mxareSi Tavisi gamWriaxobiT, bunebrivis niWiT, SromismoyvareobiT, mxneobiT sxvaze metad gadis fons, qonebas iZens, swavla-ganaTlebas ewafeba, aqaurs haers yvelaze ukeTesad hguobs. gazeTi "Yjdjt j,jphtybt" gamomdgara da ukiJinebs megrelebs: megrelebma mTeli afxazeTi daiWireso, mkvidrT (e.i. afxazT) Tavis miwawyalze xeli daabanineso, Savi zRvis sanapiro adgilebis aRebmicemoba xelT Caigdeso, TiTqo saaugo saqme eqnaT megrelebsa imiTi, rom afxazTagan Tavminebebul adgilebs da miwa-wyals kanonierad daepatronen da gaaSenes mSvenieri soflebi. "Yjdjt j,jphtybt"-m dro aris moSalos aseTi kilo werisa, romlis mizania ganapira adgilebSi mSoromeli da mSvidobismoyvare xalxs Soris ganxeTqileba sTesos` (Jurn. `moambe~, 1896 w., #10, gv. 111).
1896 wlis Tebervlis arCevnebis Sedegebis damtkicebas mTavroba sxvadasxva sabuTis momizezebiT ar Cqarobda. gaz. `cnobis furceli~ aqveynebda korespodencias, sadac aRniSnuli iyo, rom `cxra Tve Sesrulda, rac soxumis momavali TviTmmarTvelobisaTvis xmosnebi airCies, magram am arCevnebis damtkicebas ara eSvela ra, amboben, Tu dairRva es arCevnebi, mizezad is gauxdeba, rom arCeul xmosanTa ricxvSi umetesoba qarTvelebia~ (gaz. `cnobis furceli~, 1896, #23).
qalaqisTavad qarTvelis arCevis kategoriuli winaaRmdegi iyvnen soxumis samxedro olqis ufrosi da quTaisis gubernatori. miuxedavad amisa, 1899 w. soxumis mosaxleobam ganizraxa eTxova, es Tanamdeboba ekisra ganjis sagubernio mmarTvelobis wevrs aleqsandre sarajiSvils. gazeTi `kvali~ werda: `soxumelT ganuzraxavT, qalaqisTavad moiwvion cnobili moRvawe al. sarajiSvili, romelic ganjaSi msaxurobs. is cnobilia, rogorc mxne, gamocdili, piruTvneli kaci da gvgonia, rom am samsaxursac aseTi kaci sWirdeba~ (gaz. `kvali~ 1899, #100).
am movlenas gamoexmaura gazeTi `iveriac~: `soxumis qalaqisTavad airCies qarTul mwerlobaSi sakmaod cnobili, ganjis sagubernio mmarTvelobis wevri al.sarajiSvili, mdivnad ki a. nikitini~ (g. `iveria~ 1899, #18).
magram moxda is, rac mosalodneli iyo. mTavrobam ar daamtkica mosaxleobis neba. amis Sesaxeb gazeTi `iveria~ aseT informacias beWdavs: `quTaisis samxedro gubernatorma ar daamtkica soxumis qalaqis mouravad al. sarajiSvili, romelic arCeul iqna. daniSna samsaxuridan gadamdgari Stabsrotmistri l.m.bernsi, romelic Seudga adgilobrivi policiisagan saqmis miRebas~ (gaz. `iveria~ 1899, #95).
afxazeTSi aSkarad irRveoda demokratiuli arCevnebis principebi da amtkicebdnen qalaqisTavis Tanamdebobaze ara arCevnebSi gamarjvebul pirovnebas, aramed mTavrobisaTvis sasurvel rusi erovnebis kandidats.
1899 wlis martSi isev Catarda TviTmmarvelobis organoebSi arCevnebi. rusebma amjeradac ver miiRes xmebis umravlesoba.
am faqtze rusuli gazeTi "������������ �������" werda: "������ � ���� �������� ������ ������� ���� ��j������ �� �������, �� ���������� ����� ������������� ����� ����� ������� ������� ���������� ��������� ���������, �������� ����� ������� ������� �� ���� ����� ���������� ���������� �����"\ (���\ �\�\ 1899= �57)\
rusuli presa uyuradRebod ar tovebda im konfliqtur situacias, romelic arsebobda soxumis saTaTbirosa da soxumis mmarTvelobas Soris "��������� ��������� ������ ���� � �������� ��������� � ��������� ������� � �����������b � �����������b ������` (���\ �\�\ 1900= � 20)\
gaz. `Cernomorski vestnikic` ver malavs Tavis aRSfoTebas im qarTvelTa mimarT, romelTac abralebs `patriotizms~, akritikebs maT brZolas rusi deputatebis winaaRmdeg. "�� ������������ ������� � ������ �����, ��� �������� �������� �� ����� ������� ����������������� � ��������� � ������� ���������� ����� �����o� "���������" � ��������� ����� ������������� ��������� �������� ���� �������, ������� ������� ������ ������ ���������� ����� �� �������" (���\�\�\1900\� 86)\
samwuxarod, aseTi iyo is realuri suraTi me-19 saukunis meore naxevris afxazeTSi, rodesac demagogiuri gancxadebebiTa da `demokratiuli` RonisZiebebiT carizmi cdilobda rusuli elementebis qalaqisTavebad daniSvnas, maSin, rodesac mTlianad ignorirebuli iyo arCevnebSi qarTvel xmosanTa (didi umravlesobiT) gamarjvebis ara erTi faqti.