Chapter 8 The cellular basis of reproduction and inheritance

 

life cycle

sexual reproduction

genome

asexual reproduction

cell division

binary fission

chromosome

chromatin

sister chromatid

centromere

mitosis

cell cycle

interphase

cytokinesis

mitotic phase

prophase

metaphase

anaphase

telophase

mitotic spindle

centrosome

cleavage furrow

cell plate

anchorage dependence

density-dependent

inhibition

growth factor

cell cycle control system

cancer cell

tumor

benign tumor

malignant tumor

metastasis

somatic cell

gamete

homologous

locus

autosome

sex chromosome

meiosis

diploid cell

haploid cell

fertilization

zygote

crossing over

genetic recombination

karyotype

Down syndrome

 

 

Objectives

By the end of the lectures, you should be able to

• describe differences between sexual and asexual reproductions
• describe how prokaryotes reproduce by binary fission.
• recognize the structure of eukaryotic chromosomes.
• distinguish between (a) somatic cells and gametes, (b) diploid cells and haploid cells, and (c) autosomes and sex chromosomes.
• describe the stages and significance of the cell cycle.
• list the phases of mitosis and describe the events characteristic of each phase.
• recognize the phases of mitosis from diagrams and micrographs.
• describe some factors that control the cell cycle
• explain how cancerous cells are different from healthy cells.
• Explain how chromosomes are paired.
• list the phases of meiosis I and meiosis II and describe the events characteristic of each phase.
• recognize the phases of meiosis from diagrams or micrographs.
• describe key differences between mitosis and meiosis.
• explain why sexually reproducing organisms have advantages in increasing genetic variation.
• describe the consequences of chromosomes abnormalities by giving examples.

Chapter 9 Patterns of Inheritance

 

genetics

self-fertilize

cross-fertilize

hybrid

cross

P generation

F₁ generation

F₂ generation

allele

dominant allele

recessive allele

incomplete dominance codominance

homozygous

heterozygous

phenotype

genotype

principle of segregation

principle of independent

 assortment

carrier

genetic testing

amniocentesis

chorionic villus

sampling (CVS)

ultrasound imaging

ABO blood groups

polygenic inheritance

linked genes

recombination

            frequency

sex chromosome

sex-linked gene

red-green color blindness

cystic fibrosis

Tay-Sachs disease

Huntington’s disease

hypercholesterolemia

hemophilia

Duchenne muscular

dystrophy

 

Objectives

By the end of lectures, you should be able to

• explain why Mendel’s decision to work with peas was a good decision.
• distinguish between hybrids, the P generation, the F₁ generation, and the F₂ generation.
• distinguish between the following pairs of terms: genotype vs. phenotype, dominant allele vs. recessive allele, and heterozygous vs. homozygous.
• apply Mendel’s principle of segregation to predict patterns of inheritance of a single characteristics.
• apply Mendel’s principle of independent assortment to predict patterns of inheritance in a dihybrid cross.
• explain how recessive and dominant disorders are inherited, providing examples.
• describe the inheritance patterns of incomplete dominance, multiple alleles, and pleiotropy
• describe the patterns of sex-linked inheritance, noting examples in humans
• compare the advantages, and disadvantages of the different fetal testing.
• define and distinguish between different types of genetic testing (carrier testing, diagnostic testing, prenatal testing, newborn screening, and predictive testing).
• explain how linked genes are inherited differently from other, nonlinked genes.
• explain how studies of crossing over help to create genetic maps.