Chapter 10 Molecular biology of the gene

 

nucleotide

polynucleotide

sugar-phosphate backbone

thymine (T)

cytosine (C)

adenine (A)

guanine (G)

uracil (U)

double helix

DNA polymerase

DNA ligase

transcription

translation

triplet code

codon

RNA polymerase

promoter

terminator

messenger RNA (mRNA)

intron

exon

RNA splicing

transfer RNA (tRNA)

anticodon

ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

start codon

stop codon

translocation

mutation

reading frame

mutagenesis

mutagen

retrovirus

reverse transcriptase

 

Objectives:

• Describe differences and similarities between DNA and RNA.
• Describe the process of DNA replication.
• Describe the main process of transcription and translation and where in the cell they are performed.
• Describe the production and processing of eukaryotic RNA.
• Describe how genetic code is translated to make polypeptides.
• Recognize the components of the translation machinery.
• Describe the step-by-step process by which amino acids are added to a growing polypeptide chain.
• Describe the major types of mutations and their possible consequences.
• Compare the reproductive cycles of a phage and an enveloped virus.
• Recognize some viruses that threaten human health.

Chapter 11 The control of gene expression

 

gene expression

promoter

operator

operon

repressor

regulatory gene

activator

histone

nucleosome

transcription factor

enhancer

silencer

differentiation

reproductive cloning

embryonic stem cells

(ES cells)

therapeutic cloning

clone

regeneration

adult stem cells

oncogene

proto-oncogene

tumor-suppressor gene

carcinogen

signal-transduction

pathway

 

Objectives

• Describe the regulatory mechanisms of prokaryotic gene expression.
• Describe the role of chromosome structure in eukaryotic gene regulation.
• Describe transcriptional and post transcriptional control of eukaryotic gene regulation.
• Explain how selective gene expression yields a variety of cell types in multicellular eukaryotes.
• Describe the potential uses of reproductive cloning of nonhuman mammals.
• Compare the sources and properties of embryonic stem cells and adult stem cells.
• Describe the roles of cell-to-cell signaling and signal-transduction pathways in development.
• Explain how viruses, proto-oncogenes, and tumor-suppressor genes can each contribute to cancer.

 

 

Chapter 12 DNA technology and the human genome

 

recombinant DNA technology

DNA technology

genomics

transformation

transduction

conjugation

F factor

plasmid

vector

R plasmid

biotechnology

restriction enzyme

DNA ligase

recombinant DNA

gene cloning

genomic library

probe

DNA microarray

gel electrophoresis

genetic marker

restriction fragment

polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

repetitive DNA

telomere

transposon

Human Genome Project (HGP)

DNA fingerprint

vaccine

genetically modified (GM) organism

Ti plasmid

transgenic organism

gene therapy

eugenics

 

Objectives

• Describe the process used to produce many copies of a desired gene.
• Explain how polymerase chain reactions work and how this process is useful to biologists.
• Describe the three overlapping stages of the Human Genome Project. Explain why it is important to also sequence the genomes of other organisms.
• Explain how DNA fingerprinting is used in making identifications.
• Explain how DNA technology has helped to mass-produce proteins.
• Explain how genetically modified organisms are transforming agriculture.
• Describe the recent efforts in human gene therapy. Discuss the ethical issues that these techniques present.
• Describe the risks posed in the culturing of GM organisms and the safeguards that have been developed.
• Describe the ethical dilemmas associated with DNA technology and increased knowledge of the human genome.