Mrs. Macaluso's Chemistry
Glossary:
page last modified on10 /01/ 03
This page still
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A
- accuracy- how close to "true" answer
- Aromatic Ring structure-an organic ring compound containing
one or more benzene rings
- Aliphatic molecules-hydrocarbons consisting of chains or non
aromatic rings.
- anode-the positive electrode in an electrolysis cell and the
negative electrode in a voltaic cell (battery) ; the electrode at
which an oxidation half-reaction occurs.
- anion- a negatively charged ion
- actual yield : the actual number of grams of product(s)
that is derived from the chemical reaction...measured by the
experimenter
- Amu- (Atomic Mass Unit) Used by Chemists to measure the mass
of one atom.
- absolute zero- the temperature at which all molecular motion
should cease
- Alpha particle-a helium nucleus.Avogadro's number- 6.02x
1023 (the amount of atoms, molecules, or
ions in mole)
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- B
- Bonding- how atoms are "glued" together
- barometer-a manometer used to measure atmospheric pressure
- balanced chemical equation-a chemical reaction that is
balanced on both sides.
- Bunsen Burner- specific type of laboratory burner
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- C
- Chemical Equations- a way to represent what takes place in
a chemical reaction, a shorthand.
-
- chemical property- a characteristic that a sample of matter
displays as it undergoes a change in composition (undergoes a
chemical reaction)
- cation- a positively charged ion
- coordination compound - ligands are attached to the central
atom or ion in a complex ion or coordination compound.
- covalent bond- a bond characterized by the sharing of one
or more pairs of electrons between two atoms.
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- D
- dipole-dipole-an attraction between dipoles, component the
van der Waals forces.
- Derived Unit- unit in which SI base units are combined,
obtaining measurements units used to express other quantities.
- dipole-a polar molecule
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- E
- electron configuration-a description of the arrangement of
the electrons in the atom. a shorthand representation.
- element symbol stands for the nucleus and all inner level
electrons while dots stand for outer level electrons.
- electron-an elementary particle with unit negative charge.
Has no mass.
- Empirical Formula-the formula giving the simplest ratio
between the atoms of the elements present in the compound.
- electromagnetic spectrum-to look at the radiant energy ;
energy transferred by electromagnetic waves.
- electronegativity-the relative attraction of an atom for a
shared pair of electrons.
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- F
- fundamental unit- a base unit (like meter, liter, or gram)
-
- formula unit-the amount of a substance represented by its
formula.
- Formula units-the amount of the substance represented by
its formula. (AKA molar mass)
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- G
- General formulas-the general formula or an element.
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- H
- Homogeneous Mixture- a mixture that has the same
composition and properties throughout.
- Hydrocarbon- organic compound containing carbon , hydrogen
- hydrate -a compound in which the ions are attached to one
or more water molecules.
- Heterogeneous Mixture-a mixture in which the properties
and/ or composition varies throughout the mixture...not the
same throughout.
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- I
- inorganic compound-a molecular compound that does not
contain carbon.
-
- ion-an atom or molecule that has gained or loss one or more
electron.
- isotopic mass-the mass of one of two or more atoms having
the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons.
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- J
- Joule -The SI unit of energy (pronounced like jewel).
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- K
- Kelvin-the SI unit of temperature.
- kinetic molecular theory-the group of ideas explaining the
interactions of matter and energy due to particle motion
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- L
- Lewis Dot Diagram-the representation of an atom, ion, or
molecule in which an
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- M
- metalloid-an element that has properties characteristics of
a metal and a non-metal
- mass energy relationships-a problem in which the amount of
energy absorbed or released during reaction can be calculated
from the mass to materials.
- mass mass relationships-a problem in which the mass of one
substance is provided and the mass of another substance must be
calculated.
- monatomic - single atom ions.
- molar mass- the number of grams in a mole of the substance,
compound, element, molecule.
- Molarity-a unit of concentration equal to the number of
moles of solute in a cubic decimeter of solution.
- mole : mole relationships (ratio)
- derived from the coefficients in a balanced chemical
equation. Tells you how much product is produced and how much
reactants are needed or present
- mass- mass relationships
- calculated in terms of theoretical yield of an equation
(see mole: mole ratio)
- Mole- The quantity of atoms, molecules, or ions present in
Avogadro's number worth of an element.
- metallic bond-a force holding metal atoms together and
characterized by free or delocalized electrons.
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- N
- nomenclature-The rules for naming compounds.
- nonmetal- an element that lacks metallic properties.
Usually have a larger number of valence electrons. Tend to form
anions (negative ions).
- neutron-negative nucleon. Mass = to 1 amu
- nucleus-the center of an atom.
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- O
- oxidation number-the apparent charge on an atom if the
electrons in a compound are assigned according to established
rules.
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- P
- Polyatomic- ions with more that one atom, more that one
element
- proton-positive nucleon. Mass = to 1 amu
- Periodic Table- chart that organizes the element
- physical property-A property that can observed without a
change of substance.
- Percent error- also known as relative error. Method for
judging how close one is to the "true" answer
- pressure- force per unit area.
- Pascal - the SI unit of pressure
- percent yield
- actual yield in grams / theoretical yield in grams x 100 =
% yield. What percentage of the expected yield did you actually
get.
- products- a substance produced as the result of a chemical
change.
- polar-property of a molecule caused by an unsymmetrical
charge distribution
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- Q
- quantum-a discrete "packet" of energy
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- R
- reactant-a starting substance in a chemical reaction.
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- S
- Stoichiometry- the method for determining and solving the
mathematical relationships associated with chemical reactions
- Solvent-the substance present in the greater amount in a
solution, what does the dissolving
- Significant digits-the reliable digits in a measurement
based on the accuracy of the measuring instrument.
- Solution-a homogeneous mixture composed of solute and
solvent.
-
- Solute-The substance present in the lesser amount in a
solution, that which is dissolved
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- T
- Transition metal- a metal. An element whose highest energy
electron is in the d sublevel.
- theoretical yield
- how many moles (converted to grams) of product you
expect to get based on the balanced chemical equations
coefficients (mole : mole ratio)
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