1.	The following factors predispose to pyelonephritis:

A.	Diabetes mellitus.
B.	Pregnancy.
C.	Vesico-ureteric reflux.
D.	Males less than 40 years old.
E.	Cystoscopy.

2.	Alport’s disease:

A.	Is inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern.
B.	Causes renal failure in females at an earlier age than in males.
C.	Produces deafness for high-frequency sounds.
D.	Has a positive association with corneal dystrophy.
E.	Results from defective tubular reabsorption of amino acids.

3.	Renal carcinoma:

A.	Rarely invades the renal vein.
B.	Is more frequent in children than in adults.
C.	Is often composed of large cells with abundant clear cytoplasm.
D.	May present with haematuria.
E.	Is one of the tumors which often metastasize to the bone.

4.	Transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder:

A.	Are increased in incidence amongst workers in the aniline dye industry.
B.	Have a positive association with cigarette smoking.
C.	Have an increased incidence in Egypt.
D.	May present with haematuria.
E.	Often have a papillary structure.

1.	The following factors predispose to pyelonephritis:

A.	True. Glucose-containing urine is a good medium for bacterial growth.
B.	True.
C.	True.
D.	False.
E.	True. Any instrumentation of the urinary tract increases the risk of pyelonephritis.

2.	Alport’s disease:

A.	False. Autosomal dominant inheritance.
B.	False.
C.	True.
D.	True.
E.	False.

3.	Renal carcinoma:

A.	False.
B.	False.
C.	True.
D.	True. Haematuria may occur if the tumor invades and ulcerates the renal pelvis.
E.	True. The other tumors which often metastasize to bone include breast, prostate, thyroid and lung carcinomas.

4.	Transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder:

A.	True.
B.	True.
C.	True.
D.	True.
E.	True.

5.	In minimal change disease of the glomeruli:

A.	The incidence is greatest between the ages of 2 and 4 years.
B.	Fusion of the foot processes of the podocytes is seen on electron microscope.
C.	A non-selective proteinuria is usual.
D.	Light microscopy shows crescent formation in glomeruli.
E.	Cells of the proximal tubules contain lipid droplets.

6.	Urinary calculi:

A.	May cause hydronephrosis.
B.	Are more common in temperate than tropical climate.
C.	May induce squamous metaplasia in surrounding urothelium.
D.	Are most commonly made of uric acid.
E.	Are rarely made of calcium oxalate compounds.

7.	In chronic glomerulonephritis:

A.	The subcapsular surface of the kidney is often finely granular.
B.	The calyces and renal pelvis are usually distorted.
C.	The kidneys are often enlarged.
D.	There is often no history of preceding renal disease.
E.	Many glomeruli are hyalinized.

8.	The nephrotic syndrome:

A.	May be caused by renal amyloidosis.
B.	Is usually associated with a protein loss of less than 5g per day.
C.	Is associated with hypolipidaemia.
D.	In children, is usually due to minimal change glomerulonephritis.
E.	Is characterized by proteinuria, hypoalbuminaemia and edema.

5.	In minimal change disease of the glomeruli:

A.	True.
B.	True.
C.	False. A selective proteinuria, with low molecular weight proteins such as albumin, is usual.
D.	False. Crescent formation is a feature of rapidly progressive glomerulosclerosis.
E.	True.

6.	Urinary calculi:

A.	True.
B.	False.
C.	True.
D.	False.
E.	False. Most urinary calculi are made mainly of calcium oxalate, often mixed with calcium phosphate and uric acid.

7.	In chronic glomerulonephritis:

A.	True.
B.	False. They are usually not distorted unlike in chronic pyelonephritis.
C.	False. The kidneys are usually shrunken due to diffuse thinning of the cortex.
D.	True.
E.	True.

8.	The nephrotic syndrome:

A.	True.
B.	False. In adults with the nephrotic syndrome the urinary loss is usually more than 10g per day.
C.	False. 
D.	True.
E.	True.

9.	Wilm’s tumor:

A.	Involves both kidneys in about 5% of cases.
B.	Usually presents as an abdominal mass.
C.	Rarely metastasizes to the lung.
D.	Has a 2-year survival rate of about 90%.
E.	Usually affects adults.

10.	Bilateral renal agenesis (Potter’s syndrome):

A.	Is associated with polyhydramnios.
B.	Is associated with pulmonary hypoplasia.
C.	Often results in a stillborn infant.
D.	Is caused by failure of development of the ureteric bud.
E.	Produces facial dysmorphology with low-set ears and receding chin.

11.	Adult polycystic renal disease:

A.	Has an autosominal dominant pattern of inheritance.
B.	May be unilateral.
C.	Has a positive association with berry aneurysms of the circle of Willis.
D.	Causes renal failure in the first year of life.
E.	Has a positive association with hepatic fibrosis.

12.	Wegener’s granulomatosis:

A.	Occurs more commonly in males than in females.
B.	May respond to cyclophosphamide therapy.
C.	Is a necrotising vasculitis.
D.	Is associated with typhoid.
E.	May affect the upper respiratory tract as well as the kidneys.