Short Answer Questions and Answers for CA 1

 

Note from Webmaster: Use the back button of the browser to return to this page. The answers provided to the questions listed below are by no means absolute in terms of both factual accuracy or consistency. They are merely suggested answers offered in the hope of providing a structural framework from which students are able to derive a better idea on how to approach these questions. Please use them at your own discretion.

 

Pharmacodynamics:

1.    Write briefly on structure-activity relationship

2.    Discuss why stereoisomers should be regarded as different pharmacological agents.

3.    Discuss, using relevant examples, the mechanisms of drug action.

4.    Distinguish between clinical potency and efficacy of a drug. What are their clinical implications?

5.    Write briefly on therapeutic index of a drug.

6.    Distinguish between a graded dose and a quantal dose response.

7.    Write short notes on 

(a)    Tolerance

(b)    Withdrawal effect

8.    Explain the relationship between receptor affinity, receptor potency and clinical potency.

 

Pharmacokinetics:

1.   ‘The microsomal mixed function oxidase (MFO) system is highly susceptible to enzyme induction and inhibition.’ Comment on this statement and briefly discuss with examples the clinical implications of such occurrences.

2.    Explain the term “steady state plasma drug concentrations”.Discuss its clinical application in dosage adjustments.

3.    Discuss briefly the factors affecting the bioavailability of a drug.

 

4.    What factors must be considered when prescribing a drug that is eliminated via zero-order kinetics.

 

5.    Discuss how the renal excretion of a drug can be altered.

 

6.    Describe the characteristics of drug binding to plasma proteins with brief reference to the clinical implications.

 

7.    Write briefly on genetic polymorphism in drug metabolism.

 

8.    What is apparent volume of distribution of a drug and the factors affecting it. Briefly discuss its clinical implications and applications.

 

9.    Describe briefly with examples metabolite-induced toxicity.

 

10.    Discuss briefly with examples the statement ‘drug metabolism is a detoxification process’.

 

11.    Discuss the relationship between therapeutic concentration range and steady state plasma drug concentrations.

 

 

 

Cholinergic drugs:

 

1.    Outline the cascade of events that follow the stimulation of phospholipase C by acetycholine in smooth muscle.

 

2.    Discuss the pharmacological actions of the choline esters on the cardiovascular system.

 

3.    Explain the pharmacological effects produced by atropine in the eye.

 

4.    Discuss the therapeutic uses of antimuscarinic agents.

 

5.    Explain the main pharmacological effects produced in atropine poisoning.

 

6.    Discuss with appropriate examples the use of the anticholinesterases.

 

7.    Give a brief account of the effects and treatment of anticholinesterase poisoning.

 

8.    Explain the pharmacological basis for the clinical use of pralidoxime and list any disadvantages associated with its use.

 

 

 

Adrenergic drugs:

 

1.    Briefly discuss the uses of adrenaline and treatment of overdose.

 

2.    Write short notes on:

(a)   dopamine

(b)   dobutamine

(c)    prazosin

3.    Write briefly on the uses of beta-adrenergic receptor blockers.

 

4.    Discuss how adrenaline regulates the level of cyclic AMP in different tissues.

 

 

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