PAST YEAR QUESTIONS & ANSWERS

 

Note from Webmaster: Use the back button of the browser to return to this page. The answers provided to the questions listed below are by no means absolute in terms of both factual accuracy or consistency. They are merely suggested answers offered in the hope of providing a structural framework from which students are able to derive a better idea on how to approach these questions. Please use them at your own discretion.

 

Continual Assessments & Professionals

1.    First Professional M.B.B.S. Physiology 2000

 

Blood

1.      Briefly describe the role of iron and vitamin B12 in erythropoiesis. How is erythropoiesis affected by their deficiencies?


2.    Discuss briefly the processes which prevent blood coagulation within the normal circulatory system.


3.    Discuss the physiological processes involved in hemostasis.


4.    Explain how hemolytic disease of the newborn may result from Rh incompatibility and describe its possible consequences.


5.    Outline the factors which regulate red blood production.


6.    Outline the principles of ABO blood grouping and list the consequences of a mismatched transfusion involving these blood groups.


7.    Outline the process of coagulation. Explain how blood coagulation is affected by the following: (a) vitamin K deficiency (b) heparin (c) thrombocytes


8.    Write concisely on the functions of plasma proteins.

 

Cardiovascular System

1.    Define circulatory shock. Explain how this condition may be caused by hypovolemia and discuss the compensatory mechanisms that occur during hypovolemia shock. 

2.    Describe briefly how the sino-atrial node acts as the pacemaker of the heart. Give a short account of the regulation of heart rate. 

3.    Discuss the factors involved in the regulation of cardiac output. 

4.    Give a concise account of the compensatory responses of the cardiovascular system to heart failure. 

5.    Give an account of the regulation of arterial blood pressure in man.  

6.    What is the vasomotor center? Discuss its role in helping to maintain cardiovascular homeostasis. 

7.    Write concisely on the cardiopulmonary changes in man in response to exercise.

 

Respiratory System

1.    Briefly describe the defence mechanisms of the lungs.  

2.    Briefly describe the possible effects on the respiratory system when a normal person breathes 100% oxygen at sea level under normal atmospheric pressure.

3.    Describe and explain the changes in volume, flow rates and pressures in the lungs and thorax during normal respiration in the adult.

4.    Describe the respiratory effects of high altitude during acute exposure and acclimatization. 

5.    Describe the role of peripheral chemoreceptors in the regulation of respiration. 

6.    Discuss the physiologcial factors that determine the work of breathing. 

7.    Explain how respiration may be affected by: (a) the entry of a large volume of air into the pleural space (pneumothorax) (b) left ventricular failure (c) surfactant deficiency 

8.    Give a brief account of the effects of exercise on the diffusion of oxygen from the lungs to the blood. 

9.    Give an account of the factors which influence the binding of oxygen to hemoglobin.

 

Gastrointestinal System

1.    Briefly describe the functions of secretin and CCK the factors regulating their secretions. 

2.    Briefly describe the mechanism of acid formation in the gastric parietal cell and explain how the gastric mucosa is normally protected from the harmful effects of its secretion.  

3.    Describe the functions of bile and the mechanisms controlling its formation and secretion.

4.    Describe the physiological actions of gastrin in the human gut.  

5.    Explain how gastric secretion is regulated. 

6.    Give an account of gastrointestinal motility and its control. 

7.    Give an account of the physiological mechanisms underlying various forms of hyperbilirubinaemia, giving appropriate examples. 

8.    Give an account of the production and excretion of bilirubin. 

9.    Write a concise account on the regulation of exocrine pancreatic secretion. 

10.    Write briefly on the absorption and physiological importance of vitamin B12 in man.

 

Renal System

1.    Briefly describe the renal tubular handling of potassium and list the physiological consequences of hypokalemia and hyperkalemia.  

2.    Briefly discuss the factors which regulate renal potassium excretion.  

3.    Briefly discuss the role of antidiuretic hormone and of thirst sensation in the maintenance of body fluid osmolality.  

4.    Compare and contrast water diuresis and osmotic diuresis, giving one example of each.  

5.    Describe briefly the renal tubular handling of sodium and water.

6.    Describe the factors which help maintain the constancy of the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) despite fluctuations in systemic arterial blood pressure.  

7.    Explain the basic principles that allow the renal countercurrent system to achieve a concentrating effect.   

8.    Give an account of the role of the kidney in maintaining body fluid homeostasis.

 

Endocrine System

1.    Briefly describe and explain the physiological consequences of excessive aldosterone secretion. 

2.    Briefly describe the functions and the regulation of secretion of prolactin.  

3.    Briefly discuss the functions and regulation of secretion of parathyroid hormone. 

4.    Describe briefly the physiological consequences of increased thyroid hormone secretion.  

5.    Discuss briefly the regulation of blood glucose concentration (a) after a meal, (b) following a prolonged fast and (c) during an exercise 

6.    Discuss the physiological consequences of Insulin deficiency.  

7.    Discuss the regulation of extracellular calcium homeostasis in man.  

8.    Explain how cortisol and epinephrine from the adrenal gland help a person to respond to stress, e.g. physical danger or surgery. 

9.    Give a detailed account of the hormonal regulation of growth. 

10.    Give an account of the physiological role and functions of glucagon.  

11.    Give an account of the regulation of aldosterone secretion. 

12.    Give an account of the regulation of secretion and the functions of Insulin. 

13.    Give an account of the role of cortisol in the metabolism of glucose, protein and lipid. What are the harmful effects of hypoglycaemia? 

14.    Briefly describe the physiological role of hormones in the prevention of hypoglycaemia? 

15.    What is the mechanism of action of thyroid hormones at a cellular level? Describe the effects of thyroid hormones on each of the following: (a) heart rate and contractility (b) the development and function of the nervous system (c) metabolic rate and heat production

 

Reproductive System

1.    Briefly describe the major hormonal and physical changes that take place at puberty in males.  

2.    Describe briefly the processes involved in the differentiation of male and female internal genitalia.  

3.    Discuss briefly the physiological functions of oxytocin. 

4.    Discuss the hormonal regulation of the menstrual cycle.  

5.    Explain the changes that changes that occur in the cardiovascular system of the fetus upon birth.  

6.    Give a concise account of spermatogenesis.  

7.    Give an account of the process of oogenesis.  

8.    What is male pseudohermaphroditism? 

9.    Briefly discuss the causes of this condition.

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