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| Goya, Francisco Jose y Lucientes Francisco Jos� de Goya y Lucientes was born on March 30, 1746, in Fuendetodos, a village in northern Spain. The family later moved to Saragossa, where Goya's father worked as a gilder. At about 14 young Goya was apprenticed to Jos� Luz�n, a local painter. Later he went to Italy to continue his study of art. On returning to Saragossa in 1771, he painted frescoes for the local cathedral. These works, done in the decorative rococo tradition, established Goya's artistic reputation. In 1773 he married Josefa Bayeu, sister of Saragossa artist Francisco Bayeu. The couple had many children, but only one�a son, Xavier�survived to adulthood. From 1775 to 1792 Goya painted cartoons (designs) for the royal tapestry factory in Madrid. This was the most important period in his artistic development. As a tapestry designer, Goya did his first genre paintings, or scenes from everyday life. The experience helped him become a keen observer of human behavior. He was also influenced by neoclassicism, which was gaining favor over the rococo style. Finally, his study of the works of Vel�zquez in the royal collection resulted in a looser, more spontaneous painting technique. At the same time, Goya achieved his first popular success. He became established as a portrait painter to the Spanish aristocracy. He was elected to the Royal Academy of San Fernando in 1780, named painter to the king in 1786, and made a court painter in 1789. A serious illness in 1792 left Goya permanently deaf. Isolated from others by his deafness, he became increasingly occupied with the fantasies and inventions of his imagination and with critical and satirical observations of mankind. He evolved a bold, free new style close to caricature. In 1799 he published the �Caprichos', a series of etchings satirizing human folly and weakness. His portraits became penetrating characterizations, revealing their subjects as Goya saw them. In his religious frescoes he employed a broad, free style and an earthy realism unprecedented in religious art. Goya served as director of painting at the Royal Academy from 1795 to 1797 and was appointed first Spanish court painter in 1799. During the Napoleonic invasion and the Spanish war of independence from 1808 to 1814, Goya served as court painter to the French. He expressed his horror of armed conflict in �The Disasters of War', a series of starkly realistic etchings on the atrocities of war. They were not published until 1863, long after Goya's death. Upon the restoration of the Spanish monarchy, Goya was pardoned for serving the French, but his work was not favored by the new king. He was called before the Inquisition to explain his earlier portrait of �The Naked Maja', one of the few nudes in Spanish art at that time . Many people speculate that the identity of Maja was the thirteenth Duchess of Alba who was one of his patrons. To read more about her and Goya, go here: NAKED MAJA In 1816 he published his etchings on bullfighting, called the �Tauromaquia'. From 1819 to 1824 Goya lived in seclusion in a house outside Madrid. Free from court restrictions, he adopted an increasingly personal style. In the �Black Paintings', executed on the walls of his house, Goya gave expression to his darkest visions. A similar nightmarish quality haunts the satirical �Disparates', a series of etchings also called �Proverbios'. In 1824, after the failure of an attempt to restore liberal government, Goya went into voluntary exile in France. He settled in Bordeaux, continuing to work until his death there on April 16, 1828. Today many of his best paintings hang in Madrid's Prado art museum. (See also Painting; Drawing.) ~Encyclopedia Britannica Goya is associated with the following: a. Realistic,almost cruelly revealing psychological portraits of the Spanish royal families through several regimes...for example, The Family of Charles IV , at the Prado. b. Harrowing images of war. Although Goya had been sympathetic to the aims of the French Revolution and the young French Republic, the savagery of Napoleon's troops incited equally savage resistance. Goya's dramatic painting The Third of May1808 depicts the execution of a group of Madrid citizens by a phalanx of faceless, monstrous executioners with drawn bayonets and rifles. c. Groteque, nightmarish,fantastic visions in a series of etchings called Los Proverbios. One haunting example is The Giant, in which a huge, bare figure sits on the edge of the world,colossal,dwarfing the tiny habitations beneath him. ~Facts on File dictionary of Historical and Cultural Allusions *** Go here to read The Guardian's review of the Robert Hughes' new biography on Goya. |
| Background painting: "Saturn devouring his children" by Goya |