**how a die is made.**
before 1997, the single "squeeze" hubbing process.
making a larger size of coin to be made called a Galvano.
after review and approval for production,
a tracing machine reduces and traces the large positive image.
what you see in viewing a coin.
reducing the image down to the proper size,
and at the same time an exact positive image
on the end of a blank, an cylindrical shaped steel bar.
This steel bar is the the Master Hub.
one Master Hub is usually produced.
placed in a hydraulic press. a blank A new blank, cylindrical shaped steel bar is placed below the Master Hub in the hydraulic press. The new steel bar was placed in an annealing furnace and heated, to produce the master die.
cooling at room temperature, the softened steel, now is prepared
to be hubbed with the Master Hub die. pressing it into the blank
steel with several hundred tons of pressure. repeating this
over and over, until the Master Die has the fine detail
of the Master Hub. it is a transfer process.
from the first hubbing, the Master Die
and the Master Hub are moved, and not lined up properly
before the next hubbing pass, you will have a doubled image
on the die. It is this doubled image that produces the
doubled died coins.
all Master Die have the reverse image of the Master Hub
(negative image). Usually only two Master Dies are produced.
The negative Master Die is now used to produce other
Working Hubs, as the Master Die was produced.
The Working Hubs have the positive image because they were made from the negative images on the Master Die.
The Working Hubs are then used to produce the negative
image on the Working Dies. Many Working Dies are produced,
because the Working Die produces the coins, which are positive.
Remember, the Working Dies have a negative image. Thus you view the
positive image on the coin.
master hub +
master die -
working hub +
working die -
coins from working die +


THERE ARE EIGHT CLASSES OF DOUBLE STRUCK COINS
CLASS 1. ROTATING HUB DOUBLING
CLASS 2. DISTORTRED HUB DOUBLING
CLASS 3. DESIGN HUB DOUBLING
Class 4 : OFFSET HUB DOUBLING
Class 5 : PIVOTED HUB DOUBLING
Class 6 : DISTENDED HUB DOUBLING
CLASS 7 : MODIFIED HUB DOUBLING
CLASS 8 : SLIPPAGE OF THE DIE DOUBLING
#1 ROTATION CLOCKWISE OR COUNTER CLOCKWISE
AROUND CENTER.
EFFECT DOUBLING INCREASING FROM CENTER,
GREATEST AT RIM.IN ANY OF THE MULTI HUBBING PROCESSES. POINT OF LEST DOUBLING CALLED
THE PIVOT POINT. (ROTATION HUB DOUBLING)


#2 OVERUSE OF DIE, AND ALTERNATE HEATING AND COOLING
THE DIE BECOMES DISTORTED NOT MATCHING PREVIOUS HITS
HENCH A DOUBLING EFFECT ALL OVER COIN(DISTORTED HUB DOUBLING).


#3 THE USE OF 2 DIFFERENT MASTER DIES INSTEAD OF ONE
MASTER DIE, EACH A LITTLE DIFFERENT.ERRACTIC DOUBLING
SOMETIMES EVEN IN DATE, NO SYSTEM OR PATTERN TO FOLLOW
(DESIGN HUB DOUBLING)


#4 NON CENTERING OF DIE PROPERLY.ALL DOUBLING EQUAL FROM
CENTER TO RIM, CAUSED BY SHIFT OF
HUB, ALL IN SAME DIRECTION.(OFFSET HUB DOUBLING)


#5 NON ALLIGNMENT OF DIES IN HUBBING PROCESS.ONE SIDE OF COIN
MORE DOUBLE THAN OTHER SIDE, ON RIM WHEN POINT
OF NO DOUBLING OCCURS, ITS THE COINS PIVOT POINT.
(PIVOTED HUB DOUBLING)


#6 DOUBLING OCCURRING IN LAYERS RATHER THAN SEPERATED
IMAGES AND NUMBERS. SOME IMAGES AND LETTERS AND NUMBERS
THICKER ONE FRON THE OTHER
(DISTENDED HUB DOUBLING )


#7 THIS OLCCURS WHEN IN THE HUBBING PASSES, THE MASTER IS MIXED
WITH ANOTHER MASTER THAT HAS BEEN MODIFIED.


#8 DOUBLING, DISTORTIONS, DOUBLING ON TOP BUT NOT BOTTOM OF LETTERS.
slippage of the die or the die not being level in the coinage press.
DEPTHS OF SRTIKES DIFFERENT IN AREAS ON COIN.
(SLIPPAGE OF THE DIE DOUBLING)