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"Von Neuman and Wiener had much in common. Both were admired as mathematical geniuses, and their influence on society was far stronger than that of other mathematicians of their generation ..... However, these two pioneers of cybernetics differed significantly in their approach to science. Whereas von Neuman looked for control, for a program, Wiener appreciated the richness of natural patterns and sought a comprehensive conceptual synthesis".

"In keeping with these characteristics, Wiener stayed away from people with political power, whereas von Neuman felt very confortable in their company. At the Macy Conferences, their different attitudes toward power, and especially, toward military power, was the source of growing friction, which eventually led to a complete break. Whereas von Neuman remained a military consultant throughout his career, specializing in the application of computers to weapons systems, Wiener ended his military work shortly after the first Macy meeting, "I do not expect to publish any future work of mine", he wrote at the end of 1946, "which may do damage in the hands of irresponsible militarists" (The Human Use of Human Beings. N. Wiener. Houghton Mefflin. NY 1950 p. 208)"

[Las bombas atomicas en Hiroshima y Nagasaki habian estallado en Agosto de 1945 por lo que ciertas partes de la comunidad cientifica quedaron horrorizadas y con sentimientos conflictivos de responsabilidad. Sentimientos que seguramente invadieron la mente de N. Wiener y de otros cientificos contemporaneos por comprender los inmensos peligros que resultan de no poder controlar sus propias creaciones, como resultado de su total subordinacion a los instrumentos de poder).

"Those of us who have contributed to the new science of cybernetics ..... stand in a moral position which is to say the least, not very confortable. We have contributed to the initiation of a new science which ..... embraces technical developments with great possibilities for good and evil.""(Cybernetics. N. Wiener. MIT Press. Cambridge, Mass, USA. 1948 p. 38.)

[Esta reflexion, no solo debe aplicarse en las areas de trabajo de N. Wiener sino en la totalidad de actividades cientificas, administra-tivas y politicas, ya que por ejemplo, los planificadores de los sistemas mundiales de economia irresponsable y perversa resultan culpables de tanto sufrimiento o mas que las nefastas bombas atomicas y demas armamento moderno producto de la tecnologia de la destruccion. Por otro lado, las mejores y mas baratas medidas para eliminar grandes sectores de la poblacion mundial no son las sofisticadas armas guerreras, sino las enfermedades, la desnutricion, la ignorancia y la promocion de toda clase de discordias. En Hiroshima, fallecieron alrededor de 75,000 habitantes con el primer impacto de la bomba atomica, en tanto que solo por paludismo y otras infestaciones en el Tercer Mundo mueren mas de un millon de personas cada ano].

"Let us remember that the automatic machine ..... is the precise economic equivalent of slave labor. Any labor which competes with slave labor must accept the economic conditions of slave labor. It is perfectly clear that this will produce an unemployment situation in comparison with which the present recession and even the depression of the thirties will seem a pleasant joke" ( The Human Use of Human Beings p. 162)

" ..... Increasingly, all forms of culture are being subordinated to technology, and technological innovations, rather than the increase in human wellbeing, has become synonymous with progress" ( ibid p. 69).

" ..... The spiritual impoverishment and loss of cultural diversity through the excessive use of computers is specially serious in the field of education".

" ..... the use of computers in schools is based on the now outdated view of human beings as information processors, which continually reinforces erroneous mechanistic concepts of thinking. knowledge and communication. Information is presented as the basis of thinking, whereas in reality the human mind thinks with ideas, not with information." (ibid p. 70).

[Estos conceptos fueron expresados en los anos cincuentas y si entonces tenian una vigencia indudable, ahora, casi cincuenta anos despues, cuentan con una validez contundente que practicamente es ignorada o subestimada por los centros de poder ya que reconocerlos implicaria aceptar su propia mezquindad. Por otro lado, la irresponsable colaboracion de una gran proporcion de centros de actividades cientificas y pseudo cientificas, que en ningun momento reflexionan sobre su papel humano y social, como si lo hace N. Wiener, comparten la carga de ineludible responsabilidad. La Fe Tecnologica ha remplazado a la Fe Religiosa, pero mantiene semejantes fines y propositos, con el agravante de que la nueva religion tecnologica dispone de una interminable parafernalia de alta complejidad que se ha encargado de ocultar y disfrazar todos sus enormes efectos negativos

El problema se torna insoluble, ya que para las mas recientes generaciones que han convivido desde el nacimiento con toda clase de extra-vagancias tecnologicas, el problema es invisible pues no hay puntos de comparacion entre lo que es natural y lo anti-natural, de manera que la usurpacion queda desapercibida. Sin embargo, la Historia y las nuevas leyes de la Complejidad nos dicen que la Naturaleza siempre termina castigando a quienes la desafian mas alla de sus limites de tolerancia, y la respuesta es inapelable].

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Abstract. Several genes in conserved clusters are expressed from only the maternal or the paternal allele. The other allele has been genetically silenced ("imprinted") by its passage through one sex. Many known imprinted genes have effects on embryonic or trophoblast growth or fetal development, and mutation or loss of the single active copy causes diseases such as Prader-Willi, Angelman and Beckwith-Wiederman syndromes. Imprinted genes show an unusual mode of inheritance, since mutant genes have an effect on the phenotype only if they come from the parent from which they are expressed. This may explain some conditions which appear to be heritable but show an inconsistent pattern in affected families. Of particular interest is pre-eclampsia/eclampsia, the most serious complication of pregnancy, which has some features suggesting that it results from fetal expression of the mutant gene, but others which imply it results from maternal expression. This could be resolved by proposing that the condition is due to mutation in a paternally imprinted, maternally active gene which must be expressed by the fetus in order to establish a normal placenta in the first pregnancy.

MISCELANEA.

Siglo XXI.- .......El Observatorio Real de Greenwich, Inglaterra, habiendo recibido multiples consultas sobre cuando comenzara el nuevo milenio, emitio un comunicado que dice; "El comienzo del nuevo milenio sera el primero de Enero del 2001". Ademas, la contabilidad del tiempo, como ya se ha senalado, a partir del nacimiento de Cristo, se hace regresivamente con uno, dos, tres anos AC (o sucesivamente) con uno dos o tres anos DC, no contandose el ano cero, que jamas existio por ser irracional, ilogico y antimatematico. (Prof. Celso Martinez Avila. Foro de Excelsior. Febrero 13 de 1999. Fragmento)