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13. The three branches of government are the Executive branch, Legislative branch, and Judicial branch. Together each represents the needs of all people.
14. Each branch of the US government has different functions, but they all balance each other in different ways. The main function of the Legislative branch is to make laws, decide on who and what to tax, and how to use tax money. The primary function of the Executive branch is to enforce the laws and the function of the judicial branch is to interpret the laws.
15. The US Executive branch of government is called the cabinet. It is made up of the President, the Vice President, and the major departments of government. The US Legislative branch is called the Congress. The Congress is made up of the Senate and House of Representatives. Both houses meet separately, but may meet together if called to. The US Judicial branch is headed by the Supreme Court and also made up of other courts.
16. The British has a very similar government to the US government. The Executive branch of government is called the Monarch led by the King or Queen. The British legislative branch known as the Parliament is made up of two parts, the House of Lords, which were hereditary seats by crown appointment and the House of Commons, which was made up of elected representatives. The judges of the courts lead the British Judicial branch.
17. The British Legislative branch is called the Parliament. It is made up of two parts, the House of Lords and the House of Commons. The House of Lords was the upper chamber made up of Anglican bishops and noble peers with hereditary titles only. No one was elected to the House of Lords it was strictly a member's birthright that gave them the right to be there.
Members of the House of Commons or lower chamber were elected. The voters however had to fit a strict profile limited by property and religious requirements. Only a small fraction of English males were allowed to vote. The community would always only send the best gentlemen to Parliament. Therefore, the House of Commons only consisted of nontilted gentlemen, no common people. Even though the House of Commons was made for the people, the elite higher class ran it.
18. The two main parts with the most power and control of colonial governments were the governor representative and the colonial legislature which in all but Pennsylvania had an upper and lower house. The governor who was appointed by the British sovereign represented the British crown in royal colonies and the proprietor in proprietary colonies. In Connecticut and Rhode Island local enfranchised citizens elected the governor. The governor could usually veto acts or laws by the colonial legislature, similar to the English with Parliament. The way, in which the governor in colonial governments and the King or Queen in England was appointed, were very different. In England the King/Queen had to be of royal blood to the presiding royal family in order to rule, but in the colonial government the King selected the governor. The governor did not necessarily have to be of royal blood.
Unlike in England, the membership in the upper house of the colonial legislature was not hereditary. The house was mostly composed of landed gentlemen, lawyers, and rich merchants. Also the number of men eligible to vote and choose the lower houses was much larger and covered a more broad kind of people. Although you needed to own land to vote it was rather easy to acquire a piece of land if you were a respectable white Englishman. The lower house was made up usually of young lawyers, prosperous merchants, or local officials. As time went by the governors were forced to give up some power to these colonial legislatures and by the end of the colonial era these assemblies resembled miniature parliaments with very similar rights and responsibilities.
hey umm the only one that u have to make a change to is number 16 it should be the chief exectutive branch, the legislature and then the executive branch
19. The practice of religion changed when Europeans came to the Americas. In Europe, there were bishops to lead and command their churches, but in America the new arrivals began to lead their own services. For example, in isolated settlements people began to "congregate" on their own, led by a minister, which became known as congregationalism. The Puritan doctrine as practiced in England stated that people were born sinners and the "elect" were predestined before they were born. In New England, however, unlike with the orthodox Puritan belief, the people would form a contract with God and He would guarantee salvation.
Clergymen were also very involved in colonial government. Many things that we consider private were concerns of the religious leader of the town. Issues like child disobedience, sexual affairs, and especially blasphemy were looked heavily down upon. The public schools taught religion along with other skills, which differed from the idea of separating church and state that Roger Williams began.
The succeeding generations of colonists become less and less religious. They thought of business and common concerns instead of attending church. As a result, that led succeeding generations' children to be less likely to have a membership in the church, decreasing the "elect" number.
20. The Great Awakening was a religious event of huge importance. The movement of the great awakening began in the 1720�s. It started from revival groups in the middle colonies. The minister of Northampton was Jonathan Edwards, in 1729 he started to preach about the old Calvinist doctrine of predestination. Edwards would call people back to god and threaten them with eternal damnation for their sins. Edwards teaching shocked the traditionalists, who considered themselves ordinary people. The people all came to hear him preach at his church. After a while clergymen in New England were using Edwards sermon as a prototype. Another important man of the Great Awakening was George Whitefield, he was a spellbinder who preached the old-time Calvinism of predestination and damnation for all but the elect. The Great Awakening contributed to a sense of American nationality before the American Revolution.
21. Puritan preachers, such as Jonathan Edwards, were horrified by the deterioration of orthodoxy. Edwards was determined to change people's minds about religion, and he started preaching about predestination and eternal damnation. The passionate way he spoke drew people back to church. That was a new style of preaching, which was considered avant-garde by traditional Puritans. Common people began to attend church more regularly just to hear Edwards's sermons. This new style became immensely popular, and other Puritan preachers began copying his technique. They appealed to the people to live a good Christian life rather than emphasizing theology. Religion became important among the common people, and these people began to rejoin the older sects of Christianity, or joined new sects.
22. The key leaders of the Great Awakening were Jonathan Edwards and George White field. Edwards preached old Calvinist doctrine. He preached very emotionally in his sermons. He spoke about predestination. He called people back to god by threatening them with damnation for their sins. Soon, many clergymen emulated Edwards�s style of preaching. George Whitefield turned the Great Awakening into a religious event of enormous magnitude. Whitefield also preached about Calvinism. He spoke of damnation or the soul for everyone expt for an elect person.
23. The Great Awakening brought back the ordinary people that had drifted away from the church earlier. People that listened to the passionate sermons did not always agree with what was being said, but they embraced the idea of leading a perfect Christian life and the surrendering to Jesus. These people felt more connected to religion again and began going back to their various religious sects, or creating new ones. The Great Awakening not only brought back religion to the colonies, but also divided it religiously even more.
24. The Educated people in America were turning not to religion but to a new belief called the Enlightenment. The change in the way the western people looked at the world was caused by the scientific revolutions. The Enlightenment was mainly started by Isaac Newton�s discovery of universal gravitation. The people now thought that as members of this universe, humans were good not bad and that humans could discover the natural laws of the universe. The people thought of observation of nature, rather than through the study of things that were written and had no proof like the Bible. The philosopher Immanuel Kant said the motto of the age should be �Dare to know� and that�s what the people did in the age of the Enlightenment.
26. Why doesn't American create many scientists at this point?
Even though the 17th century was a time of great progress in Science, most of the scientists of the time were Europeans. Americans made few contributions in the area of science at the time. The environment in the colonies at the time did not aid in the need or desire to explore the unknown. The people in the colonies were struggling daily to earn a living; they needed money in order to provide themselves and their families with food, clothing and shelter. Their interests were practical, because they didn't have the time, money or resources to investigate things that would not necessarily get them anything. In Europe they had laboratories, sponsors, learning centers, and contact among many of the scientific minds of the time. This facilitated their ability to experiment, think and explore ideas. In America, there was sparse population, many of the people lacked the wealth to fund or pay for experiments. The colleges or learning centers in America were far less developed than those in Europe. The only credited scientific thinker of the time would be Benjamin Franklin whose experiments with electricity contributed to the early understanding of it.
27. What was the status of schooling in America at this point?
Education was an important part that took place in every colony. Although education was offered to boys and girls, more boys attended. Some slaves learned to read and write but did not receive a formal education. The different regions had different education because of the settlers, such as the south. There were not enough people to support local schools, but rich planters had private tutors to educate their children. Sometimes these tutors would also teach the sons and daughters of planters "poorer" neighbors, but education was limited in the south especially, for children of farmers. Education was very important in the north especially, New England. The Dutch established schools that were supported by the treasury, but the Puritans felt it has very important for everyone to read and write the Scriptures for themselves, for salvation. In 1647, it was required by the Massachusetts General Court, for each town to have a "petty" school to teach children to read and write, and every town with at least a hundred households was required to have a high school or grammar school, to get them ready for college. Six years after the Puritans settled, in 1630, the Massachusetts Bay Colony established Harvard College which focused on what Puritans considered important to religion (humanistic studies and theology) but soon added science. After Harvard eight new schools of higher learning were established from 1693 to 1769. Many of these colleges focused on the same things that Harvard did; religion. Many of the men became clergymen, lawyers, or doctors. Benjamin Franklin did something different than all the other colleges to the College of Philadelphia he focused a third of the study on mathematics and science. "The College of Philadelphia took the first step toward higher education to advance the practical arts."
28. What state was the leader of the education reform?
Massachusetts was the state that led the way in the education reform. Massachusetts was founded by Puritans who believed strongly that everyone should be literate in order to be able to interpret the Bible and other religious and non-religious ideas. In 1647 the General Court of Massachusetts created a law that stated each town with at least fifty families must have a "petty" school (elementary) where children could learn to read and write. A town with a hundred families was required to have a petty and "grammar school" (high school). Grammar schools prepared students for University life and to learn professions. In 1636 Harvard College in Cambridge became the first college to be established in America. Harvard was sponsored by religious denominations. At Harvard students were able to study humanistic ideas, theology, and later natural philosophy (science). Harvard was based on making men clergymen or helping them to continue their study of law and medicine. Massachusetts was way ahead of other colonies in education, the second college was the College of William and Mary, which was established in 1693, forty six years later.
29. What was the basis for the establishment of early colleges?
The first established college in the colonies was in Massachusetts. Education had always been important in the Puritan colony of Massachusetts. Schooling had been required there almost since it was first colonized. Harvard University, the first College established in America was created so that the Puritans could create properly educated ministry for the church. The Puritans thought this was vital to their religion and culture. Many of the higher learning establishments were brought over in theory by educated Americans who kept in touch with Europeans through books and journals, and tried to bring their ideas to the colonies. The colleges were established with religion as the main focus, and turned out men with liberal educations that led them to be clergymen, or if they had more education, lawyers or doctors. The colleges eventually expanded also to include natural sciences in its curriculum.
30. How did one become a lawyer or doctor in the colonies?
In order to become a lawyer or doctor in the colonies it was necessary to have an extensive period of training but it wasn't always like this. The main ideas came back from England. Colonists that wanted to become lawyers went through lots of learning and training in the Inns of Court back in England. In England lawyers were attorney's to start the legal machinery going, solicitors to offer legal advice, and notaries to prepare legal documents. Back in the colonies there were barely any lawyers except for the ones that had emigrated from England. Their base of knowledge came from England. The colonist hated to go through the long widespread period of training so the colonists decided to learn law another way. They decided to work in law offices. They would read law books and attend courts as and easier way of learning.
Medicine was not taught in the American colleges until after the Revolution. Just like the colonist who studied law, the colonist that wanted to learn medicine would learn by a day-to-day contact with patients. While doctors in the colonies practiced European medicine it improved medical care. Most doctors relied on experience, observation, and common sense. In the colonies, there wasn't a great demand of doctors so that gave the opportunity to many people who didn't have the chance to work in Europe a job. There were many women working as doctors and there were also a number of free slaves that showed their talents as doctors.
31. What were the most important writings in the colonies?
The most important writings in the colonies were non-fiction. The writings focused on biographies, travel descriptions, religious exposition, and history. The first fiction novel was not written until after the Revolution. Before the revolution fiction was not common. There were many talented poets, such as Edward Taylor and Anne Bradstreet who wrote about history and religion. Almanacs were important to merchants and farmers, but newspapers, broadsides, pamphlets, and instructional books were also written.
32. What area did the Americans excel at in the arts?
American talents in the fine arts usually were inferior to the artists back in Europe. Literature only attracted the interests of students of literature, but on occasion, some of the works of art gained merit. William Bradford wrote Of Plymouth Plantation, which was an emotional narrative about the settling of the Pilgrim colony. Cotton Mathers' Magnalia Christi Americana is an almanac of early New England. Robert Beverly, a southern author, wrote The History and Present State of Virginia, which talked about his love for Indians and his hope of making Virginia a rustic paradise. These works of non-fiction were read because of the historical evidence brought forth in the novels. Colonial poetry was anything but abundant, but spawned many talents, such as Edward Taylor, a well-educated minister. He wrote hundreds of devoutly spiritual poems full of imagery. Anne Bradstreet of Massachusetts was the first American poet. In addition to fine arts, other forms of art prospered much more then literature in colonial America. Newspapers, broadsides, pamphlets, instructional books, and almanacs were very popular because the Americans needed something logical to read and learn from and wanted to be informed on current happenings. Artisans needed information on their craft and other information, so they turned to written information. Handbooks on medicine, navigation, farming, and other skills that could help them get ahead in life were published. Music was not much of a success, but William Billings was a musician who composed Fuguingtunes and Francis Hopkinson, a composer of songs and instrumentals. He also painted, wrote, and designed the American flag. The main art the Americans excelled in was the production of working objects. They were ahead of the Europeans in this field as well. Colonial artists painted portraits of people rather then romance and religious paintings. Because of the portraits, painting became a profitable market. Architecture started of by imitating other forms, but became very original. Details were important and perfection was everything in colonial architecture. Talents in brass, pewter, glass, silver, clay, and wood came to America and these talents were utilized to America's best interest. Women began sewing in the colonial times as well, and this became a recognized craft.