العنوان: history of birds flu
التاريخ : Oct 27, 2005
المصدر: didi - أحد أعضاء مجموعة المكتبيين العرب
نص الموضوع :
1890
First recorded recent influenza pandemic
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1918
The "Spanish Flu" pandemic, caused by the H1N1 influenza virus, kills
more than 40 million people. The origin of H1N1 remains a mystery,
but may have involved incubation in an intermediate host, such as the
pig, or another as yet unidentified animal host.
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1957
Asian flu pandemic kills 100,000 people, due to the H2N2 influenza
virus.
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1968
Hong Kong flu pandemic kills 700,000 people, due to the H3N2 virus.
Both H2N2 (1957 pandemic) and H3N2 are likely to have arisen by
exchange of genes between avian and human flu viruses, possibly
following dual infection in humans.
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21 May 1997
Bird flu virus H5N1 is isolated for the first time from a human
patient in Hong Kong. The virus infects 18 patients after close
contact with poultry, with six deaths. Fortunately the virus does not
spread from person to person. Within three days, Hong Kong's entire
chicken population is slaughtered to prevent further outbreak.
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Sept 1998
Trial results announced for two new influenza drugs that target the
virus's neuraminidase enzyme, Relenza and Tamiflu, at the
Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy.
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1999
Two new flu drugs, Relenza and Tamiflu, are licensed in US and Europe.
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2001
The World Health Organization (WHO) outlines its new global
laboratory proposal, aimed at improving the range, speed and quality
of influenza virus surveillance (Science 293, 1729; 2001).
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Feb 2003
Alarm bells are again raised when the avian virus H5N1 infects two
people in Hong Kong, one fatal.
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28 Feb 2003
Outbreaks of chicken flu occur in The Netherlands due to the H7N7
avian flu virus. By April the virus has spread to nearly 800 poultry
farms and resulted in the culling of almost 11 million chickens. The
virus infects 83 people causing conjunctivitis and flu-like symptoms,
and kills one man. The drug Tamiflu helps protect people against
further spread of the virus.
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Dec 2003
South Korea has its first outbreak of avian flu in chickens, caused
by H5N1.
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Jan 2004
Japan has the first outbreak of avian influenza (H5N1) since 1925.
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Jan 2004
WHO confirms H5N1 infection in 11 people, eight fatal, in Thailand
and Vietnam, but no cases of person to person transmission. The virus
has wreaked havoc among poultry in Thailand, Vietnam, Japan and South
Korea, and has also appeared in a duck farm in China.
WHO is developing vaccine candidates using H5N1 viruses isolated in
2003 and 2004, at laboratories in the U.S. and U.K.
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Feb 2004
United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization advises governments
in affected areas that mass culling of birds is failing to halt the
disease and that vaccination of targeted poultry flocks is required
as well.
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March 2004
Avian H5N1 flu virus becomes more widespread among bird flocks in
Asia, and has caused 34 human cases, with 23 deaths.
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6 April 2004
Avian influenza virus H7N3 confirmed in two poultry workers in
British Columbia who developed flu-like symptoms.
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June 2004
Tests on chickens and mice show that avian flu H5N1 virus isolated
from ducks in 2004 is more virulent and harmful to mammals than in
recent years.
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July 2004
Several countries, including Thailand, Vietnam, China and Indonesia,
report new infections in poultry with H5N1.
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Aug 2004
H5N1 is reported to have killed an additional three people in Vietnam.
Chinese scientists report H5N1 avian flu infection in pigs, raising
concerns that the virus could exchange genes with human flu strains
in this 'mixing vessel'.
H5N1 virus has spread throughout most of SE Asia, resulting in the
culling of over 100 million chickens. In Vietnam and Thailand, the
virus has infected at least 37 people, with 26 deaths.
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Oct 2004
UK authorities suspend manufacturing of this year's routine influenza
vaccine at the Liverpool factory of Chiron, owing to sterility
concerns. The move leads to vaccine shortage particularly in the U.S.
where Chiron supplies 50 per cent of the market, and highlights the
need for alternative manufacturing sources.
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Nov 2004
WHO warns that the H5N1 bird flu virus might spark a flu pandemic
that could kill millions of people, and is concerned that "much of
the world is unprepared for a pandemic" and needs to enhance
preparedness to reduce its potential impact.
WHO officials meet with vaccine makers, public-health experts and
government representatives in a bid to speed up the production of flu
vaccines to avert a global pandemic.
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Dec 2004
WHO reports the first human case of H5N1 in Vietnam since early
September.
Sequencing of the chicken-genome (published in Nature 9 December
2004) may help provide insight into which genes prevent the spread of
bird flu from person to person.
Since the beginning of 2004, bird flu has caused the deaths of 32
people in Vietnam and Thailand, and millions of chickens across Asia.
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Jan 2005
Chinese authorities announce they have developed a new rapid test for
bird flu that produces results in hours rather than days.
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Jan/Feb 2005
13 additional cases of bird flu have occurred in Vietnam since
December 2004, 12 fatal.
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Feb 2005
First report of a bird flu case from Cambodia.
A report of probable person to person transmission of bird flu in
Vietnam is published (New Engl. J. Med, 352 333–340)
WHO has made prototype H5N1 vaccine strains available to a number of
institutions and companies and several vaccines have been developed
for clinical testing.
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March 2005
15 additional cases of H5N1 infection in Vietnam, and one additional
case in Cambodia, are reported.
Bird flu has spread to 10 countries, including Democratic People's
Republic of Korea, and killed around 50 million chickens.
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April 2005
Vietnam has reported a total of 60 laboratory confirmed human cases
of H5N1 avian influenza since the outbreaks began, with 35 deaths;
Thailand has confirmed a total of 17 infections of which 12 have been
fatal, while Cambodia has confirmed two fatal cases.
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May 2005
Rumours of human deaths in China from H5N1 remain unconfirmed, while
the virus has killed more than 1000 migratory birds. Indonesia's
government confirms reports of H5N1 infection in pigs.
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19 May 2005
WHO reports 97 cases and 53 deaths from bird flu in Vietnam, Cambodia
and Thailand since January 2004.
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June 2005
Indonesia confirms a man exposed to sick chickens has been infected
with a deadly strain of avian flu virus. The farm labourer shows no
symptoms, but his blood carries antibodies to the H5N1 strain.
Bird flu becomes resistant to the low-cost amantadine family of
antiviral drugs. Chinese farmers' use of the compound in chickens is
blamed, a claim formally denied by Chinese authorities who pledge to
investigate the claim.
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July 2005
At the end of a three-day conference in Malaysia, World Health
Organization officials announce that $150 million is needed to fight
the spread of the disease in people and another $100 million to stop
its spread in animals in Asia.
The Philippines, so far the only Asian country unaffected by bird
flu, report their first case in a town north of the capital, Manila,
but do not confirm whether it is the H5N1 strain.
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